2020-2021考研英语一真题及答案解析.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don theANSWER SHEET.(IOpoints)Even if families dont sit down to eat together as frequently as before,mil

2、lions of Britons will nonetheless havegot a share this weekend of one of that nations great traditions:the Sunday roast.la cold winters day,fewculinary pleasures canlit.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined our health.That this_Jshouldbe rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage

3、 our healthThe Food Standards Authority(FSA)has ia public wormingabout the risks of a compoundcalledacrylamide that forms in some foods cookedhightemperatures.This means that people shouldl crispingtheir roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only toasttheir bread.But where is the evidence to s

4、upport suchalam邯t advice?2 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is nol Qevidence that it causes cancer in humansScientists say the compound isll_to cause cancer but have no hard scientific prooflLthe precautionarypnnc1ple it could be argued that it isl1_to f

5、ollow the FSA advice.l4,it was rumoured that smoking causedcancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 12Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always belLup on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,withoutthe Yorkshire pudding and no wme But would life be worth living?l1,the FSA says

6、 it 1s not telling people to cutout roast foods 18,but reduce their lifetime intake However its 19 nsks commg a cross as bemg pushy andoverprotective Constant health scares Just 2.Q_with no one listeningIAInBTowardsCOnDTill2 AmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluence3 ApatienceBenJoymentCsurpnseDconcem4 Ainte

7、nsifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteed5 A1ssuedBrece1vedC1gnoredDcancelled6 AunderBatCforDby7 AforgetBregretCfinishDavmd8ApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitially9AUnlessBSmceCIfDWhileIOAsecondaryBextemalCconclusiveDnegative11Amsuffic1entBboundClikelyDslow12 AOn the basis ofBAt the cost ofCIn addition

8、toDIn contrast to13AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate14 AAs usualBIn particularCBy definitionDA仆er all15 AresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpattem16 AmadeBservedCsavedDused17 ATo be fairBFor mstanceCTo be briefDIn general欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！18.Areluctantly19.Apromise

9、20.Afollow upBentirelyBexpenenceBpick upCgraduallyCcampaignCopen upDcarefullyDcompetitionDend upPart ASection II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1A group of

10、labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UKtown of culture award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was heldby Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.Cooper and her colleagues argue

11、that the success of thecrown for Hull,where it brought in立20m of investment and an avalanche of arts,ought not to be confined to citiesBritaintown,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid tobeat their bigger competitions.A town of culture

12、 award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attractingfunding and creating jobsSome might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the muchmore prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 an

13、d Liverpoolin 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebrationin its desperationto reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that will followvillage of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?Itis a

14、lso wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run year of culture washes in and out of aplace like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the con皿unity.The reallysuccessful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hote

15、l bedrooms and bring in high-profilearts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.Itis hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree ofvision,as well as cooperation

16、between city authorities,the privatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.But it can be done:Glasgows year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one ofcomplex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains todayA town of

17、 culture could be not just about the arts but about honouring a towns peculiarities-helping sustain itshigh street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a town of culture award couldAconsolidate the town-city t

18、ies in BritainBpromote cooperation among Britains townsCincrease the economic strength of Britains townsDfocus Britains limited resources on cultural events22.According to Paragraph 2,the proposal might be regarded by some asAa sensible compromiseCan eye-cotching bonusBa self-deceiving attemptDan in

19、accessible target欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！23.The author suggests that atitle holder is successful only if itAendeavours to maintain its image.Bmeets the aspirations of its peopleCbrings its local arts to prommenceDcommits to its long-term growth24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragr

20、aph 3 to presentAa contrasting caseCa background storyBa supporting exampleDa related topic25.What is the authors attitude towards the proposal?ASkepticalBObjectiveCFavourableText 2DCriticalScientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need journals in which to publish thei

21、rresearch,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work ofpeer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientificknowledgeWith the content of papers secured for free,the publisher

22、 needs only find a market for its journal.Until thiscentury,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit marginsapproaching 40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisisThe Dutch giant Elsevie

23、r,which claims to publish 25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,madeprofits of more than900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than立10m in 2016 to enableresearchers to access their own publicly funded research:both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasinglydespe

24、rate efforts to change themThe most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of globalphotocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled articlepublished since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on resear

25、chers passing on copies they have themselveslegally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that itworks for all participantsIn Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has beenvery suc

26、cessful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms:eitherfreely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make aprofit before being placed on general releaseYet the new system has not worked out

27、 any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to thedemand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing anarticle.These range from around500 to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptionsand of

28、 these article preparation costs had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientificpublishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope ofstatus,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market pla

29、ces.In both cases,we need arebalancing of power26.Scientific publishing is seen as a licence to print money partly becauseAits content acquisition costs nothingCits payment for peer review is reducedBits marketing strategy has been successfulDits funding has enjoyed a steady mcrease27.According to P

30、aragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier haveAfinanced researchers generouslyCrevived the publishing industryBgone through anexistential cns1sDthrived mainly on university libraries欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?A Relie

31、vedB ConcernedC PuzzledDEncouraged29.Itcan be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access termsA free universities from financial burdensCreduce the cost of publication substantiallyB render publishing much easier for scientistsD allow publishers some room to make money30.Which of the following

32、 characterises the scientific publishing model?A Trial subscription is offeredC The few feed on the manyB Labour triumphs over statusD Costs are well controlledText 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.But alltoo often such policie

33、s are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little tohelp average peopleA pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore PatriciaHaddad,to ensure gender parity on boards and commissions,provide a case i

34、n pointHaddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percentfemale.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities.they have proposed imposing governmentquotas.Ifthe bills become law,state boards and con皿issions will be required to s

35、et aside 50 percent of board seatsfor women by 2022The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California,which last year became the first state to reqmregender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure.California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law,which expressly classi

36、fies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutionalThe US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an importantpolicy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are like

37、ly to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protectionBut are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currentlyml订or the percentage of women in the general population.but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has b

38、een steadily increasing without government interferenceAccordingto a study by Catalyst,between20 IO and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporationsincreased by 54 percentRequiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to lessexp

39、erienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporategender quotaWriting in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membershipwithout increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has le

40、d to a golden skirt phenomenon,where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boardsNext time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policiesare largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help a

41、verage women31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad willAhelp little to reduce gender biasC raise womens position in politicsBpose a threat to the state governmentDgreatly broaden career options欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！32.Which of the following is tr

42、ue of the California measure?AIt has irritated private busmess ownersCIt may go against the ConstitutionBIt is welcomed by the Supreme CourtDIt will settle the prior controversies33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrateAthe harm from arbitrary board decision.Bthe importance of cons

43、titutional guaranteesCthe pressure on women in global corporations.Dthe needlessness of government interventions34.Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led toAthe underestimation of elite womens roleBthe objection to female participation on boardsCthe entry of unqualified cand

44、idates into the boardDthe growing tension between labor and management35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A Womens need in employment should be consideredB Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymakingCEveryone should try hard to promote social justiceDMajor social issues

45、 should be the focus of legislationText 4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirely new tax onlarge multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everythingfrom providing a platform for selling

46、goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data,and the taxapplies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have refe订ed to this as aGAFA tax,meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook andAmazon

47、in other words,multinational tech companies based in the United States。The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who has expressed support forthe measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significantcontroversy,with

48、the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminatesagainst American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against FranceThe digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron,who has expressed support forthe measure

49、,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy,with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation intowhetherthetax.discriminates againstAmerican companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against FranceThe Frencht

50、ax is not just a unilateral move by one country in needof revenue.Instead,the digital services tax 1spart of a much larger trend,with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup ofnew international tax provisions.These have included Britains DPT(diverted profits