2010年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）试题及答案】Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineers to sup

2、ervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting_1_workers productivity.Instead,the studies ended _2_giving their name to the“Hawthorne effect”,the extremely influential idea that th

3、e very_3_to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the _4_behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to _5_of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_what was done in the experimen

4、t;_7_someting was changed,productivity rose.A(n)_8_that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_itself.After several decades,the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis.Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 _the descriptions on record,no

5、 systematic _13_ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to_ 14_ 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！interpretation of what happed._ 15_,lighting was always changed on a Sunday.W

6、hen work started again on Monday,output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturday and_ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days._ 18_,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days o

7、f the week in any case,before _20 _a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged”Hawthorne effect“is hard to pin down.1.A affected B achieved C extracted D restored 2.A at Bup C with D off 3.Atruth Bsight C act D proof 4.A controversial B perplexing Cmischievous D ambiguous 5.Areq

8、uirements Bexplanations C accounts D assessments 6.A conclude B matter C indicate D work 7.A as far as B for fear that C in case that D so long as 8.A awareness B expectation C sentiment D illusion 9.A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant 10.A about B for C on D by 11.A compared Bshown C subject

9、ed D conveyed 12.A contrary to B consistent with C parallel with D pealliar to 13.A evidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14.A disputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15.A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！16.A duly Bacciden

10、tally C unpredictably D suddenly 17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued 20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhiting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 poin

11、ts)Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader un

12、der the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant c ollections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of new spaper reviews.To read such books today is to ma

13、rvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther rem oved from the unfocused newspaper review spublished in England between the turn of t he 2 0th century and the eve of World War,at a time when newsprint was di

14、rt-cheap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered an ornament to the publications in which it appe ared.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted tha t the 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！cri tics of major papers woul dwri te in detail and at length about the events they cover

15、ed.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bern ard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trus ted to know what they were a bout.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have b

16、rains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to definejournalism as a term of cont empt appl ied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manche

17、ster Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now known solely as a writer of essays ont he game of cricket.During his l ifetime,though,he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics,and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography（1947）became a best-seller.He

18、 was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so ho nored.Yet on ly one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revi val?The prospect seems remote.Jour nalistic tastes had changed

19、long before his death,and postmodern reader shave little use for the ric hly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that A arts criticism has disappeared from big-cit

20、y newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before world warwere charac

21、terized by A free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23.which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on？A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journal

22、ism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.CHis style caters largely to modern specialists.DHis wr

23、itings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old Days.B The lost Horizon in Newspapers.C Mournful Decline of Journalism.D Prominent Critics in Memory.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Text 2 Over the past decade,thousa

24、nds of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.A received one for its“one-click”online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely rea

25、dy to scale back on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of busine

26、ss-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is“a very big deal”,says DennisD.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the federal circuit itse

27、lf that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to

28、 specific types of online transactions.Later,move established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the

29、fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claime

30、d patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should”reconsider”its state street Ban

31、k ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for“inventions”that are obvious.The judges on

32、 the Federal circuit are“reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court”,says Harole C.wegner,a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection

33、with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy over authorization 27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D I

34、t may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word“about-face”(Line 1,Paro 3)most probably means 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of dignity 29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method

35、 patents A are immune to legal challenges B are often unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders

36、C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing trend against business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are

37、unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the“two step flow of communication”:Information flows from t

38、he media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them.The theory also s

39、eems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many such cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits

40、 nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argum

41、ent stems from a simple observing about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it

42、is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must

43、 in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for

44、 example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipul

45、ating a number of variables relating to peoples a bility to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call“global cascades”-the widespread propagation of influence through networks-is the presence not of a few influentials but,rath

46、er,of a critical mass of easily influenced people,each of whom adopts,say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor.Regardless of how influential an individual is locally,he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain react

47、ion.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to Aanalyze the consequences of social epidemics Bdiscuss influentials function in spreading ideas Cexemplify peoples intuitive r esponse to social epidemics Ddescribe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests

48、that the“two-step-flow theory”Aserves as a solution to marketing problems Bhas helped explain certain prevalent trends Chas won support from influentials Drequires solid evidence for its validity 33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social inte

49、ractions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！C influentials have more channels to reach the public D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34.The underlined phrase“these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who A stay outsi

50、de the network of social influence B have little contact with the source of influence C are influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be accepted BThe impulse to influence ot