2012年考研英语一真题原文与答案解析完整版.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 2021年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 SectionIUseofEnglish Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C orDonANSWERSHEET

2、1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissue recently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehave likepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt sreputationfor beingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScal

3、ia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakes itlesslikelythatthecourt sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemis thatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_to thecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersi

4、milarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourt andpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhave noneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapart

5、frompolitics preciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial _15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_ isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_as

6、unjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_to thecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize 2.AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless 3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated 4.Acha

7、llengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted 1欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded 6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone 7.AresortsBsticksCloadsDapplies 8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle 9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict 10.AbyBasCthoughDtowards 11.AsoBsinceCprovide

8、dDthough 12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace 13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer 14.AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied 15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions 16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols 17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted 18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore 19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeab

9、leDaccountable 20.AbyallmesnsBatallcostsCinawordDasaresult SectionIIReadingComprehension PartA Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1 Comeon-Everybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforc

10、ing,is whatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstono good-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontends thatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhich 2欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 organizat

11、ionsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheir livesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcurein action:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHaze setsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,a

12、nHIV-preventioninitiativeknownas LoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthe lamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressurefor healthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedundersta

13、ndingofpsychology.Dare different,pleasedontsmoke!pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamong teenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythat public-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectiven

14、essofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.Jointhe Clubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialand biologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureas itspresentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywe R la fgo e r v A e g r a y in lo s n tg th.eH

15、azefailed oncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesis limitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spread throughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.

16、Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:we unconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeer groupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itsliketheteacherwhobreaksupthe troublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclas

17、smates.Thetacticnever reallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:inthereal world,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas Aasupplementtothesocialcure Bastimulustogroupdynamics Canobstacletoschoolprogress Dacauseo

18、fundesirablebehaviors 22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould Arecruitprofessionaladvertisers 3欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 Blearnfromadvertisersexperience Cstayawayfromcommercialadvertisers Drecognizethelimitationsofadvertisements 23.Intheauthorsview,Rosenbergsbookfailsto

19、 Aadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors Beffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure Cillustratethefunctionsofstatefunding Dproducealong-lastingsocialeffect 24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors Aisharmfultoournetworksoffriends Bwillmisleadbehavioralstudies Coccurswithoutourrealizingit Dcanp

20、roducenegativehealthhabits 25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis Aharmful Bdesirable Cprofound Dquestionable SectionIIReadingComprehension PartA Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40poin

21、ts)Text1 4欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 Comeon-Everybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,is whatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstono good-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontends thatpeerp

22、ressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhich organizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheir livesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcurein action:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismok

23、ingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHaze setsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownas LoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthe lamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailto

24、mobilizepeerpressurefor healthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.Dare different,pleasedontsmoke!pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamong teenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythat public-healthadvocatesoughttota

25、keapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.Jointhe Clubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialand biologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureas itspre

26、sentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailed oncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesis limitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnega

27、tiveones-spread throughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:we unconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeer groupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itaskslikuepth h e e teacherw

28、hobre troublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticnever reallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:inthereal world,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas Aasupplementtothesocialc

29、ure Bastimulustogroupdynamics Canobstacletoschoolprogress 5欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 complicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelife experience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,

30、whatwethinkour experiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewly stakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptanceto transformadisc

31、overyclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhich theindividualresearchersme,here,nowbecomesthecommunitya s n a y n tiy m o e n.e,anywhere,Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithmini

32、ngclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthe complexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsand reviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenew findingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscie

33、ntists)receivesthe newdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthe community,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthe scienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualsdiscoveryclaimintothe communityscredibdleiscovery.Twoparadoxesexi

34、stthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocus onsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlereward accompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalis new-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsan

35、dcredible discoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeand potentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequently provokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribed discoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinking

36、whatnobodyhasthought.But thinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchange theirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedand appreciated.Intheend,credibility“happenstoadis-caovperorycecslasimthatcorrespondstowhat philosopherAnnetteBaierhasde

37、scribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachothersreasoningandeachothersconceptionsofreason 31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits Auncertaintyandcomplexity.Bmisconceptionanddeceptiveness.Clogicalityandobjectivity.7欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档

38、来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 Dsystematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires Astrictinspection.Bsharedefforts.Cindividualwisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit Ahasattractedtheattentionofthegeneral

39、public.Bhasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.Chasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.Dhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat Ascientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.Bdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.Ceffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.D

40、scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?ANoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.BCollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.CEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.DChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4 IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,h

41、ewouldprobablyrepresentcivil servant.WhenHoffasTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmerican governmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2021thenumberofunionistsin 8欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 Americaspublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBri

42、tain,more thanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions nthgr.ivFiirst,theycanshutthings downwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightand well-educated.AquarterofAmerica-sesctpourbwliocrkershave

43、auniversitydegree.Third,they nowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.BritainsLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBal

44、dassareofthePublic PolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestatesbudgetispatrolledbyunions.T teachersunionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupson healthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandwo

45、rkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“back public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespecially pensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharter schools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughth

46、ereisplentyof evidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachersunions foughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.In WisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardline

47、Republicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvardsKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenorcmusltuorfeinWestern civilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmerican public-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysports

48、coachesandthe presidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankerspaypacketsfh a a tveattractedmuchcriticism,buta public-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemfor America.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat ATeamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.BJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.C

49、unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.Dthegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.9欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！-1/25 37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?APublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.BEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.CLabor

50、Partyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.DPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris Aillegallysecured.Bindirectlyaugmented.Cexcessivelyincreased.Dfairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions Aoft