2015考研英语一真题及答案解析.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2015 年考研英语(一)真题完整版 Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is

2、 _(1)_a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has_(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932 unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were us

3、ed in both_(5)_.While 1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell we

4、re something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it.There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing gene

5、tically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_!欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in th

6、e last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subject

7、s,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.1.A when B why C how D what 2.A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised 3.A for B with C on D by 4.A compared B sought C separated D connected 5.A tests B s Csamples D examples 6.A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible 7.

8、A visit B miss C seek D know 8.A resemble B influence C favor D surpass 9.A again B also C instead D thus 10.A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps 11.A about B to Cfrom Dlike 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！12.A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit 13.A according to B rather than

9、 C regardless of D along with 14.A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits 15.A later Bslower C faster D earlier 16.Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress 17.A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive 18.A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency 19.A political B religious C ethnic

10、 D economic 20.A see B show C prove D tell Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don t abdicate,the

11、y dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that me

12、an the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”p

13、olitics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchscontinuing popularity polarized.And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unli

14、ke their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,thei

15、r very history and sometimes the way they behave today embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families shou

16、ld still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy f

17、amilies who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only

18、the Queen who has preserved the monarchy s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived beca

19、use they provide a service as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchy s worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of Spain A used turn enjoy high public suppo

20、rt B was unpopular among European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals Dended his reign in embarrassment 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between

21、tradition and reality C to give voter more public figures to look up to Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment 23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth B The role of the nobility in modern democracies C The sim

22、ple lifestyle of the aristocratic families DThe nobility s adherence to their privileges 24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles A takes a rough line on political issues B fails to change his lifestyle as advised C takes republicans as his potential allies D fails to adapt himself to

23、 his future role 25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined B Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs DCharles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats TEXT 2 Just

24、 how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particul

25、arly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californ

26、ia s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital infor

27、mation is similar to say,going through a suspect s purse.The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！or porcketbook,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one s smartphone is more like enteri

28、ng his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestee s reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing.”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California s a

29、rgument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the

30、20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to A search for suspects mobile phones withou

31、t a warrant.B check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The author s attitude toward California s argument is one of 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A tolerance.B i

32、ndifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring one s phone content is comparable to A getting into one s residence.B handing one s historical records.C scanning one s correspondences.D going through one s wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern tha

33、t A principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr s comparison is quoted to indicate that (A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.欢迎您

34、阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical ch

35、ecks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confiden

36、ce in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal s internal editors,

37、or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with

38、the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member o

39、f the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but ho

40、pefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that A Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data

41、 analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to Afound.Brevised.Cmarked Dstored 33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may Apose a threat to all its peers 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为

42、您提供优质的文档！Bmeet with strong opposition Cincrease Science s circulation.Dset an example for other journals 34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A.adds to researchers worklosd.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.W

43、hich of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 4 Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch s daughter,Elisa

44、beth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“it欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！s us,human beings,

45、we the people who create the society we want,not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:“It s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of

46、moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,shield thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack p

47、hones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill,Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by th

48、e News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations

49、was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today s world,title has become normal that well paid executives 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文

50、档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,fl