2021年考研英语(一)真题试卷 (含答案解析).pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！完型填空-为题目类型 Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It【B1】_ in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then【

2、B2】_ starts to slowly decline as we age.But【B3】_ aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the【B4】_ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the【B5】_ th

3、at lifestyle factors might help prevent or【B6】_ this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that【B7】_ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and【B8】_ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They

4、 found that middle-aged people【B9】_ higher measures of abdominal fat【B10】_ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years【B11】_.For women,the association may be【B12】_ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be【B13】_ It is hoped

5、that future studies could【B14】_ these differences and perhaps lead to different【B15】_ for men and women.【B16】_ there are steps you can【B17】_ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental【B18】_ The two highly recommended lifest

6、yle approaches are maintaining or increasing your【B19】_ of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style【B20】_ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.【B1】（A）pauses（B）returns（C）peaks（D）fades 2.【B2】（A）alternatively（B）formally（C）accidentally（D）generally 3.【B3】（A）while（B）si

7、nce（C）once（D）until 4.【B4】（A）detection（B）accumulation（C）consumption（D）separation 5.【B5】（A）possibility 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！（B）decision（C）goal（D）requirement 6.【B6】（A）delay（B）ensure（C）seek（D）utilize 7.【B7】（A）modified（B）supported（C）included（D）predicted 8.【B8】（A）devoted（B）compar

8、ed（C）converted（D）applied 9.【B9】（A）with（B）above（C）by（D）against 10.【B10】（A）lived（B）managed（C）scored（D）played 11.【B11】（A）ran out（B）set off（C）drew in（D）went by 12.【B12】（A）superior（B）attributable（C）parallel（D）resistant 13.【B13】（A）restored（B）isolated（C）involved（D）controlled 14.【B14】欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如

9、有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！（A）alter（B）spread（C）remove（D）explain 15.【B15】（A）compensations（B）symptoms（C）demands（D）treatments 16.【B16】（A）Likewise（B）Meanwhile（C）Therefore（D）Instead 17.【B17】（A）change（B）watch（C）count（D）take 18.【B18】（A）well-being（B）process（C）formation（D）coordination 19.【B19】（A）level（B）love（C）

10、knowledge（D）space 20.【B20】（A）design（B）routine（C）diet（D）prescription 阅读（常规阅读理解）-为题目类型 How can British train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant

11、extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise,an average of 2.7 percent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitt

12、ed such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Lincolnshire have to subsidise the

13、 daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.How

14、ever,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are

15、 now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to in

16、troduce a minimum service requirement so that even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinit

17、ely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is no

18、t addressed in short order.22.The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger fares_.（A）will ease train operatorsburden（B）has kept pace with inflation（C）is a big surprise to commuters（D）remains an unreasonable measure 23.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for_.（A）car drivers

19、（B）rail travellers（C）local investors（D）ordinary taxpayers 24.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators_.（A）are offering compensations to commuters（B）are trying to repair relations with the unions（C）have failed to provide an adequate service（D）have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes

20、25.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face _.（A）the loss of investment（B）the collapse of operations（C）a reduction of revenue（D）a change of ownership 26.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?（B）Constant Complaining Does

21、nt Work（C）Can Nationalization Bring Hope?（D）Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty prog

22、ram.In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequali

23、ty and break the cycle of poverty.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alle

24、viation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,t

25、hose correlations dont prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs

26、do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing

27、annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty programin 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were

28、also affecting forest loss.With that,we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people ma

29、y clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the

30、 importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didnt reduce poverty,Ferraro says,the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is mor

31、e than the program costs.28.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to_.（A）facilitate health care reform（B）help poor families get better off（C）improve local education systems（D）lower deforestation rates 29.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_.（A）cattle rearing h

32、as been a major means of livelihood for the poor（B）CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles（C）antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers（D）economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation 30.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out_.（A）i

33、ts acceptance level of CCTs 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！（B）its annual rate of poverty alleviation（C）the relation of CCTs to its forest loss（D）the role of its forests in climate change 31.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that_.（A）it will benefit

34、 other Asian countries（B）it will reduce regional inequality（C）it can protect the environment（D）it can boost grain production 32.What is the text centered on?（A）The effects of a program.（B）The debates over a program.（C）The process of a study.（D）The transferability of a study.As a historian whos alway

35、s searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).Ive found quite a few,andsince I started posting them on Twitterthey h

36、ave been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I

37、need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle d

38、istance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shif

39、ted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other porta

40、ble cameras meant that,though slow by todays digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity di

41、splayed through a cheesy grin.Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular pearly whites was a rare sight in Victor

42、ian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but i

43、t was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！34.According to Paragraph

44、1,the authors posts on Twitter_.（A）changed peoples impression of the Victorians（B）highlighted social medias role in Victorian studies（C）re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image（D）illustrated the development of Victorian photography 35.What does author say about the Victorian portraits he h

45、as collected?（A）They are in popular use among historians.（B）They are rare among photographs of that age.（C）They mirror 19th-century social conventions.（D）They show effects of different exposure times.36.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?（A）Their inherent soci

46、al sensitiveness.（B）Their tension before the camera.（C）Their distrust of new inventions.（D）Their unhealthy dental condition.37.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_.（A）a deep-rooted belief（B）a misguided attitude（C）a controversial view（D）a thought-provoking idea

47、 38.Which of the following questions does the text answer?（A）Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?（B）When did the Victorians start to view photographs differently?（C）What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?（D）How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian no

48、rm?From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.Thats why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would p

49、revent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fillin part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A f

50、ederal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a p