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1、一、一、一、一、Renaissance of the 12th CenturyRenaissance of the 12th Century二、二、二、二、S Scientific cientific R Revolutionevolution三、三、三、三、Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment四、四、四、四、Modern ScienceModern ScienceHistory of modern History of modern science in the science in the westwestThe Renaissance of t

2、he 12th century was a period of the many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages.It included social,political and economic transformations,and an intellectual revitalization of Western Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots.These changes paved the way to later achievements such

3、as the literary and artistic movement of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century and the scientific developments of the 17th centuryRenaissance of the 12th centuryScientific revolutionThe scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period,when developments i

4、n mathematics,physics,astronomy,biology(including human anatomy)and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.1234567 According to traditional accounts,the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century,influencing the

5、 intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.S Scientific cientific R Revolutionevolution 哥白尼哥白尼天体运行论天体运行论 1543AC 托勒密托勒密天文学大成天文学大成 140AC 布鲁诺布鲁诺 1600AC 开普勒开普勒 行星三定律行星三定律 1609AC 1619AC 伽利略伽利略两大世界体两大世界体 系的对话系的对话 1632AC 牛顿牛顿 1687ACPROCESS Age of EnlightenmentAge of EnlightenmentThe Age of En

6、lightenment was a European affair.The 17th century Age of Reason opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science,which took place during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment.Directly based on the works97 of Newton,Descartes,Pascal and Leibniz,the way was now clear to the development

7、 of modern mathematics,physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin(17061790),Leonhard Euler(17071783),Mikhail Lomonosov(17111765)and Jean le Rond dAlembert(17171783),epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderots Encyclopdie between 1751 and 1772.Benjamine Franklin DuplessisModern

8、scienceThe Scientific Revolution established science as a source for the growth of knowledge.During the 19th century,the practice of science became professionalized and institutionalized in ways that continued through the 20th century.As the role of scientific knowledge grew in society,it became inc

9、orporated with many aspects of the functioning of nation-states.The history of science is marked by a chain of advances in technology and knowledge that have always complemented each other.Technological innovations bring about new discoveries and are bred by other discoveries,which inspire new possi

10、bilities and approaches to longstanding science issues.Modern scienceNatural sciences 1.Physics 2.Chemistry 3.Geology .Social sciences 1.Politics 2.Economics 3.Psychology 4.Sociology .History of physics Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus o

11、f Samos.This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Kepler in the early 17th century,which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits,with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.Galileo(Father of Modern Physics)also made use of experiments to validate physical theori

12、es,a key element of the scientific method.Physics Beginning in 1900,Max Planck,Albert Einstein,Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results,by introducing discrete energy levelsChemistryThe history of modern chemistry can be taken to begin with t

13、he distinction of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist,in 1661(although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after this)and the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen,Joseph Black,Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer.A

14、nother important step was made by Antoine Lavoisier 化学之父-安东尼拉瓦锡(Father of Modern Chemistry)through his recognition of oxygen and the law of conservation of mass,which refuted phlogiston theory.GeologyGeology existed as a cloud of isolated,disconnected ideas about rocks,minerals,and landforms long be

15、fore it became a coherent science.Theophrastus work on rocks,Peri lithn,remained authoritative for millennia:its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution.James Hutton,the father of modern geologyPolitical science In the 20th century,the study of ideology,beh

16、aviouralism and international relations led to a multitude of pol-sci subdisciplines including rational choice theory,voting theory,game theory(also used in economics),psephology,political geography/geopolitics,political psychology/political sociology,political economy,policy analysis,public adminis

17、tration,comparative political analysis and peace studies/conflict analysis.EconomicsThe above history of economics reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history(Kuhn,1962).The invisible hand mentioned in a lost pag

18、e in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to Wealth of Nations,1776,advances as Smiths central message.Adam Smith wrote Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of The Wealth of Nations,the first Nations,the first modern work of modern work of economicseconomicsPsychologyThe philosophers of the British E

19、mpiricist and Associationist schools had a profound impact on the later course of experimental psychology.John Lockes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding(1689),George Berkeleys Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge(1710),and David Humes A Treatise of Human Nature(17391740)were pa

20、rticularly influential,as were David Hartleys Observations on Man(1749)and John Stuart Mills A System of Logic.(1843).Also notable was the work of some Continental Rationalist philosophers,especially Baruch Spinozas(16321677)On the Improvement of the Understanding(1662)and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnizs

21、(16461716)New Essays on Human Understanding(completed 1705,published 1765).Rauch,Frederick A.(18061841)Psychology,or a view of the human soul,including anthropology(1840).SociologySociology emerged from enlightenment thought,shortly after the French Revolution,as a positivist science of society.Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of knowledge.Karl Marx rejected the positivist sociology of Comte but was of central influence in founding structural social scienceBy 许颖