2012年考研英语一真题-答案及详解.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2012年考研英语真题-答案及详解2012年考研英语答案详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an i

2、mportant issue recently.The court cannot _1_ itslegitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in waysthat _3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political ev

3、ents.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courtsdecisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the veryleast,the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This

4、and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanentpositions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ p

5、olitical support.Our legal system wasdesigned to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the la

6、w it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split alongideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct.That wouldmake rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_

7、20_,convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2.Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3.Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7.Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies8.Aeva

8、de Braise Cdeny Dsettle9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10.Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13.Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions16.Aexcludes Bquestions Csh

9、apes Dcontrols17.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18.Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable20.Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the f

10、ollowing four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of whenwe hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to

11、no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join theClub,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,inwhich organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possib

12、ly theword.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits

13、 young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-healthcampaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawedunderstanding of psy

14、chology.”Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducingsmoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer press

15、ure.But on the general effectivenessof the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enoughexploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cureas its presented here

16、 is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed oncestate funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows tha

17、tpositive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtleform of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups an

18、d steer their activities invirtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the prob lem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the realworld,as in school,we insis

19、t on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional adver

20、tisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factors欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B effectively evade the flaws of

21、the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25.The author

22、 suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was

23、 reneging on a longstanding commitment to abideby the strict nuclear regulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challengethe constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclearpower p

24、lant running.Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporatio n bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant,an agingreactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from stateregulators to operate past 2012

25、.In 2006,the state went a step further,requ iring that any extension of the plants license besubject to Vermont legislatures approval.Then,too,the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next.Astring of acciden

26、ts,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys managementespecially after thecompany made misle ading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergys behavior,the

27、 Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation,and that only thefederal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas t

28、heSupreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermontcase will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about thepatchwork regulations that could result if every state sets it

29、s own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would bebeside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose bygoing to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is

30、a poblic trust.Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,thecompany has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews th e companys applica

31、tion,it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase“reneging on”(Line 3.para.1)is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！27.By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended toA obtain prot

32、ection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license.D get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D

33、business vision29.In the authors view,the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its pro mises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues.D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph tha

34、tA Entergys business elsewhere migh t be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by

35、objectiveresearchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discoveryfrequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of ourunique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influenc

36、e what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full ofpotential.But it tak

37、es collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is thecredibility process,through which the individual researchers me,here,now becomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery clai

38、m becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,thecommunity takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchersmake discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicati

39、on process;other scientists use thenew finding to suit theirown purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanyingtechnology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared andcompeting

40、beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into thecommunitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailingKnowledge that is viewed as incomplete or inc

41、orrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what isalready known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims andcredible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential

42、modificationor refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But

43、thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimesyears are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher Ann

44、ette Baier hasdescribed as the commons of t he mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoning andeach others conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and decep

45、tiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attr

46、acted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries t

47、oday inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility i

48、n Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffas Teamsters werein their prime in 1960,only one in ten American govern ment workers belonged to a union;now 36%do.In 2009 the

49、numberof unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half ofpublic-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving.First,they can shut things dow

50、n without suffering much in theway of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of Americas public-sector workers havea university degree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britains LaborParty,as its name implies,has lon