2021年考研英语真题(含答案解析).pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2021 年考研英语真题（含答案解析）Directions:Section I Use of English Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans a

2、re.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 大 2 家 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 大 3 家 bulbs burn longer,that there is an 大 4 家 in not being too terrifically bright.Intel

3、ligence,it 大 5 家 out,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow 大 6 家 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 大 7 家 instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 大 8 家.Is there

4、 an adaptive value to 大 9 家 intelligence?Thats the question behind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 大 10家 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 大 11 家 of our own intelligence might be.This is 大 12 家 the mind of every animal

5、 Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 大 13 家 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,大 14 家,is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that 大 15 家 animals ran the labs,they would test us to 大 16 家 the

6、 limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 ,not merely how much of it there is.大 18 家,they would hope to study a 大 19 家 question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?大 20 家 the results are inconclus

7、ive.1.A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine 2.A tended B feared C happened D threatened 3.A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer 4.A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority 5.A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward 6.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！A off B behind C

8、over D along 7.A incredible B spontaneous C inevitable D gradual 8.A fight B doubt C stop D think 9.A invisible B limited C indefinite D different 10.A upward B forward C afterward D backward 11.A features B influences C results D costs 12.A outside B on C by D across 13.A deliver B carry C perform

9、D apply 14.A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance 15.A if B unless C as D lest 16.A moderate B overcome C determine D reach 17.A at B for C after D with 18.A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise 19.A fundamental B comprehensiveC equivalent D hostile 20.A By accident B In time C S

10、o far D Better still Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pil

11、ot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.the unreflecting herd,William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.In the ever-changing 21st century,even the word So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have

12、 discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel synaptic paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus,theyre t

13、here to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.for innovation is a fascination with wonder,Markova,author of Open Mindand an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请

14、联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！She adds,however,that decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware,she says.Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with

15、 the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty,however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of li

16、fe.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything,Ryan,author of the 2021 book Year I Will.and Ms.Ma

17、rkovas business partner.a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being _.A.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable 22.The researchers have discovered that the for

18、mation of habit can be _ A.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided 23.A.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connections 24.Ms.Markovas comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _?A,prevents new habits form being formed B,no longer emphasizes commonness C,maintains the inherent American

19、thinking model D,complies with the American belief system 25.Ryan most probably agree that A.ideas are born of a relaxing mind B.innovativeness could be taught C.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas D.curiosity activates creative minds 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Text 2 It is

20、 a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom C or at least confirm that hes the kids dad.All he needs to do is shell our$30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore C and another$120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchas

21、ed the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fog,chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more tha

22、n$2500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing sali

23、va in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,says Trey Duster,a New York University sociologist.

24、He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can revea

25、l genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference colle

26、ctions to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition,the compute

27、r programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2,the text shows PTKs _.A easy availability 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B flexibility in pricing C successful promotion D popularity with

28、 households 27.PTK is used to _.A locate ones birth place B promote genetic research C identify parent-child kinship D choose children for adoption 28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.A trace distant ancestors B rebuild reliable bloodlines C fully use genetic information D

29、 achieve the claimed accuracy 29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _.A disorganized data collection B overlapping database building C excessive sample comparison D lack of patent evaluation 30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.A Fors and Agains

30、ts of DNA testing B DNA testing and Its problems C DNA testing outside the lab D lies behind DNA testing Text 3 The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary f

31、or the social,political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it,because new educational syst

32、ems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result,radica

33、lly higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic performance.

34、Japan was,and remains,欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan,and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts-a result of the training

35、 that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examining housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work.

36、What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it.After all,thats how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years a

37、go,they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,humanitys productivity potential,they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of

38、 education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack o

39、f formal education,however,doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in pa

40、ragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _.A is subject groundless doubts B has fallen victim of bias C is conventional downgraded D has been overestimated 32.It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _.A challenges economists and politicians B takes

41、efforts of generations C demands priority from the government D requires sufficient labor force 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplined B the Japanese workforce is more produ

42、ctive C the U.S workforce has a better education D the U.S workforce is more organize 34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough time B prior to better ways of finding food C when people on longer went hung D as a result of pressure on

43、 government 35.According to the last paragraph,development of education _.A results directly from competitive environments B does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivity D cannot afford political changes Text 4 The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world ar

44、e the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was pursuits themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to

45、the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European

46、culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.Besides the ninety o

47、r so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audien

48、ces,and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyze

49、d,The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated in the late 1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when

50、he opened the Bible,told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:no unclean thing,and I will be your God and you shall be my people.thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile,many settles had slighter reli