考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！考研英语真题原及答案解析完整版2012年考研英语真题原及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbere

2、d blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot _1_ itslegitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in wayst

3、hat _3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics c

4、ode.At the veryleast,the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apar

5、t from politics.They gave justices permanentpositions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support.Our legal system wasdesigned to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results fro

6、m choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split alongideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts le gitimacy

7、 by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct.That wouldmake rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_,convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2.Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3.Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csusp

8、ected D accepted5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7.Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10.Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13.Aconfirm Bexpress

9、 Ccultivate Doffer14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions16.Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！17.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18.Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeab

10、le Daccountable20.Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Come on-Everybodys doing it.That whispere

11、d message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when wehear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the so

12、cial cure,in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called

13、 Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-healthcampai

14、gns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawedunderstanding of psychology.”Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboard c ampaign aimed at reducingsmoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.

15、Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too muchirrelevant detail and not enough exploration of

16、the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.Themost glaring flaw of the soc ial cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against theHaze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is li

17、mited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer gro ups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows thatpositive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtleform of peer pressure:we unconsciously imi

18、tate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities invirtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates.The t

19、actic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the realworld,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obst

20、acle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质

21、的文档！23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our ne

22、tworks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except,apparently,when Entergy is

23、involved.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abideby the strict nuclear regulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge

24、 the constitutionality of Vermontsrules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.Its a stunningmove.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant,an agingreactor in Vernon.As a

25、 condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from stateregulators to operate past 2012.In 2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plants license besubject to Vermont legislatures approval.Then,too,the company went along.Eith

26、er Entergy never really i ntended to live by those commitments,or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next.Astring of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage,raised serious questions abou t both Vermont Yankees s

27、afety and Entergys management-especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergys behavior,the VermontSenate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legisl

28、ation,and that only thefederal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas theSupreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermontcase will offer a precedent-setting test of h

29、ow far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about thepatchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would bebeside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged

30、 that it has noting left to lose bygoing to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,thecompany has applied f

31、or federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the companys application,it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase“reneging on”(Line 3.para.1)is closest in meaning toA condemning.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵

32、权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27.By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license.D get permission to purchase a power plant.28.Ac

33、cording to Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29.In the authors view,the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the feder

34、al authority over nuclear issues.D the limits of states power over nuclear issue s.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might

35、be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discoveryfrequently follows an ambiguous and complicat

36、ed route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of ourunique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequent

37、ly,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full ofpotential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is thecredibility process,through which the individual researchers me,h

38、ere,now becomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the sta rting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,thecommunity takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social str

39、ucture of the scientific community,researchersmake discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use thenew finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery andpossibly accom

40、panying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontationbetween shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discoveryclaim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout th

41、is credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what isalready known and believed.The goal is new-searc

42、h,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims andcredible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modificationor refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and p

43、hysiologistAlbert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thin king what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claim

44、s to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim-a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier hasdescribed as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoning andeach others conceptions of reason.”31.A

45、ccording to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bsha

46、red efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently qu

47、oted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title

48、of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant.Wh

49、en Hoffas Teamsters werein their prime in 1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36%do.In 2009 the numberof unionists inAmericas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half of public-sector欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如

50、有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving.First,they can shut things down without suffering much in theway of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of Americas