2021考研英语(一)真题及参考答案(完整版).pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2021 考研英语一真题及参考答案完整版 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.Onthe one hand,its a necessary condition 1 many

2、worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.Onthe other hand,putting your 2,in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings

3、 and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humansto 7 with one another.Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9:In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of m

4、oney to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us.A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester hold

5、ing a plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whats in here?before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!Each subject was then invited to look 15.Half of them found a toy;the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not bee

6、n tricked,the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19,only five of the 30 children paired with the“20tester participated in a follow-up activity.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！*1.A on *B like C for D from

7、 2.A faith(B)concern C attention D interest 3.Abenefit B debt Chope D price 4.A Therefore B Then C Instead D Again 5.AjUntil B Unless C Alihough D 6.A selects B pro duces C applies D maintains 7.A consdt B compete C coune ct D compare S.A at IB by Cof Dto 9.A context B mood C period D circle 1 O.A c

8、ounterparts B substitutes C colleagues Djaupporters 1 l.A Funny B Lucky C Odd D Ironic 12.A monitor B protect C surprise D delight 1 3 A between B within C toward D over 14.A nansferred B added C introduced D enmisred 15一A out B back C around D inside 16JA discovered B proved C insisrtd D rcmcnibere

9、d 17.A betrayed B wronged C fooled D mocked IS A forced B TVilling C hesiunt D entided 19 A En contrast B As a result C On the uholt D For insanee 2O.A inflexible B incapable C unreli able D unsmtible Section II Readi ng Comprehe nsion Part A Directions:Read the followi ng four texts.An swer the que

10、sti ons below each text Text 1 Amongthe annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmen ti oned in the n ext preside ntial campaig n:What happe ns whe n the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of bei

11、ng automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportio nately squeezed.Lower-in come jobs like garde ning or day care dont appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupati on s-truck ing,finan cial advice,software engin eeri ng have aroused their in terest,or soon w

12、ill.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living by choosin

13、g A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWI ER HEET.(40 poi nts)欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But

14、 in the mediumterm,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums from grammarschool to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and

15、 more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to

16、acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the trans

17、ition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,taxes and the safety n

18、et will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over th

19、e next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.2 L一Who will be most threatened by automationQ A Leading politi

20、cims.B Low-wag&laborers.CjRobot bvnm DNlid(ile-clas xvorkers.22 XVhkh of th亡 following best represent the author s 匸恰“川 A Worries about auwmaxion are in fact groundless.BjOptimists apinio口5 on new tech fintHitdt support.C Issues arisin呂 from automation netdto be tackled DjNegative consequences of ne

21、w tech can be avoided 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！23.EdTica.ti&n in the age of automaticii should put more enipkasis on A creative potential.Bjjcb-hunting skills-C in dividual needs.D cocpera.tive spiril_ 24.Tiii author suggests that tax policies be limed at A encouraging the deve

22、lopmentcf autematon E Jin creasing lhe rerum on capital invesnnenr.C easing the hostiliry betw een rich andpoci.D prevennng e incomie gap from widening.25 Inriiiig to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from is deal is A the vicious rivals among big phannas B the ineffectiA-e enforcement of pr

23、ivacy law.C e uncontrolled use of nswsofhvare B the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35 rTTie authors attitude tow aid e application afAI to healthcare is A ambiguous.B canti.oils.C appreciative D contcmpiuaus.Text 4 The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of

24、$5.6 billion for fiscal 2021,the 10th straight year its expe nses have exceeded reve nue.Mean while,it has more tha n$120 billi on in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many ban kruptcies.Fun dame ntally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze betwee n tech no l

25、ogical cha nge that has perma nen tly decreased dema nd for its bread-a nd-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies managementthe flexibility to adjust its operati ons to the new reality And in terest groups ranging from postal unions to greeti ng-card makers exert self

26、-interested pressure on the USPS s ultimate overseer-C on gress-i nsist ing that whatever else happe ns to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pa

27、y its bills except by deferring vital modernization.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Nowcomes word that everyone involved-Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the systems heaviest users has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the

28、House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the moneywould comefrom a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the

29、 financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Sen ate-where some one is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to

30、 keep the Postal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.Theres no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency s costs.Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enj

31、oys wide public support and would save the USPS$2 billion per year.But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS

32、.It is not,however,a sign that they re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！36 The financial problem uith the USPS is caused paitiy by A,its unbalanced budget.B.its rigid management.C.th亡 cost for technical upgrading

33、.D.the ididrawal of bank support.37.According to Pira呂lraph 2.USPS fails to modernize itself due to A,the Luterfeence frcwn interest groups.B.the inadequate fimding from Congress.C the shrinking demand,for postal service.D rhe in competeD匚e ofpostalunioas.3 S The long-standing complaint by the USPS

34、and its Brions can be addressed by A.removing its burden of retiree health care.B.makingniore investtnrit in new vehities.C.adopting a m芒亡hanism.D.attracting more fim-class mail users.33 In e last paragraph,e avithor seems ro viewlegishws with A respect.B lokraiice.C disc antem_ D gratitude.40 5Vhkh

35、 of the fall owing would be the best till 亡 for die t 亡？A The USTS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Day&B The Postal Semce:Keep AP.-ay from My Cheese C The USPS:Chronic Hines5 Requires a Quick CME D Hie Postal Sendee Needs More than a Bari-Aid Part B Directions:The follow ing paragraphs are give n in a w

36、rong order.For Questi ons 41-45,you are required to reorga nize these paragraphs into a cohere nt article by choos ing from the list A-G and filli ng them into the nu mbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have bee n correctly placed.Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 poi nts)A.I n December of 1869,Con

37、 gress appo in ted a commissi on to select a site and prepare pla ns and cost estimates for a new State Departme nt Buildi ng.The commissi on was also to con sider possible arran geme nts for the War and Navy Departme nts.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Buildi

38、ng to be erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B.Completed in 1875,the State Depart

39、ments south wing was the first to be occupied,with its elegant four-story library(completed in 1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretarys office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879,where elaborate wall and ceil

40、ing stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nations foreign policy in the last quarter of the ninete

41、enth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nations most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of manyhistoric events.D.Manyof the most celebrated national f

42、igures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOBs granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower,Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed 16 Se

43、cretaries of the Navy,21 Secretaries of War,and 24 Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E.The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commandsa unique position in bot

44、h the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second E

45、mpire architecture in the country.F.Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the

46、use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G.The history of the EEOBbegan long before its foundations were laid.The first executive

47、offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in 1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In 1866,the construction of the North 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Wing of the Treasury B

48、uilding necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41.(E)C 42.(G)43.(A)F 44.(B)45.(D)Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Shakespeares

49、 life time wascoincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly w

50、ritten by scholars and performed by amateurs,but in England,as everywhere else in western Europe,the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to makethe drama popular,whether it should be newor old,classical or medieval,literary or farcical.Court,school organizations of amateurs,and