2018考研英语（一）真题及答案解析.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2018 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use ofEnglish Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blankandmark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviously be p

2、ainful?Because humans have an inherent need to(1)uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowissostrongthatpeoplewill (2)tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhen it is clear the answer will (3).In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the Un

3、iversity ofChicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business testedstudentswillingnessto (4)themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone (5),eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould(6)an

4、electric shock whenclicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged;anothertwenty-seven were told only that some were electrified.(7)left alone in the room,thestudents who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurredmorejoltsthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould(8)

5、.Subsequentexperiments replicated this effect with other stimuli,(9)the sound of fingernails onachalkboard and photographs of disgustinginsects.The drive to (10)is deeply ingrained in humans,much the same as thebasicdrives for (11)or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago,a co-au

6、thorofthepaper.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinctitcan(12)new scientific advances,for instancebut sometimes such(13)canbackfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you todo _(14)things is a profoundone.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to(15),however.In a finalexperiment,participants who were en

7、couraged to(16)how they would feel after viewingan unpleasant picture were less likely to (17)to see such an image.These resultssuggest that imagining the (18)of following through on ones curiosity aheadof timecanhelpdetermine (19)itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-term (20)iskeytomitigatingthep

8、ossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,Hseesays.In other words,dont read onlinecomments.1.Aon Blike Cfor Dfrom 2.Afaith Bconcern Cattention Dinterest 3.Abenefit Bdebt Chope Dprice 4.ATherefore BThen CInstead DAgain 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！5.AUntil BUnless CAlthough DWhen 6.Aselects

9、 Bproduces Capplies Dmaintains 7.Aconsult Bcompete Cconnect Dcompare 8.Aat Bby Cof Dto 9.Acontext Bmood Cperiod Dcircle 10.Acounterparts Bsubstitutes Ccolleagues Dsupporters 11.AFunny BLucky COdd DIronic 12.Amonitor Bprotect Csurprise Ddelight 13.Abetween Bwithin Ctoward Dover 14.Atransferred Badded

10、 Cintroduced Dentrusted 15.Aout Bback Caround Dinside 16.Adiscovered Bproved Cinsisted Dremembered 17.Abetrayed Bwronged Cfooled Dmocked 18.Aforced Bwilling Chesitant Dentitled 19.AIncontrast BAs aresult COn thewhole DForinstance 20.Ainflexible Bincapable Cunreliable Dunsuitable 1.【答案】C 【解析】该题选择的是介词

11、，与后面的 many worthwhile things一块做后置定语 修饰前面的 condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。而 A选项 from（来自于），C 选项 like（像）D选项 on（关于）均语义不搭。2.【答案】A【解析】此处考察语义一致和对上下文辨析的问题。该空是做 put 的宾语，通过 前面的 Ontheonehand,itsanecessarycondition (1)manyworthwhilethings:child care,friendships,etc.(一方面,信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照 看孩子，友谊等)；on the othe

12、r hand 可以得知该题仍然是在讲述关于主题 trust的 问题，所以只有 faith（信任）最合适。而 B 选项 concern（关心，关注），C 选项 attention（注意），D选项 interest（兴趣，利益）均不符题意。3.【答案】D【解析】此处考察词义辨析。前文说到 putting your in the wrong placeoften carries a high（把放在错误的地方通常会带来巨大的），可以知道该空肯定也是填贬义，但肯定不能是 debt 债务这种具体含义，所以只能选 price，并且 carriesahighprice也指付出高昂的代价。4.【答案】B【解析

13、】此题考察上下文逻辑关系。上一段分析的是信任的利弊，该段所指内容,why do we trust at all?（我们为什么会要信任？）所以采用了递进关系，进一步说明信任的具体内容。只有 D 选项 then(然后，那么)最符合语义搭配。而 A选项 again（再次）表示强调；B选项 instead（然而）表转折；而C 选项 therefore（因此）表结果，均不符合。5.【答案】D 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！【解析】此处再一次考察逻辑关系。该空 people place their trust inan individual

14、or an institution,their brains release oxytocin，a hormone（_ 人们信任 一个人或者一个机构，大脑都会释放一种荷尔蒙）,只有 when（当时）符合 上下文语境和逻辑语境。6.【答案】B【解析】该题是考察定语从句的动宾搭配问题。上一句说当人们产生信任感，大脑就会产生一种荷尔蒙，a hormone that(6)pleasurable feelings 这个 that就 是定语从句，指这种荷尔蒙能 令人愉悦的感觉，只能是 produce最符合语 境。7.【答案】C【解析】考察词义辨析。该空所填为动词，并且要求与之后的 with 形成搭配。an

15、d triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safetyand prompts humans to with one another.说明这种荷尔蒙能够引发一种群居本 能，这种本能能让羊群聚在一起，and 的后面的内容也与前面的 flocktogether 同 义复现。所以只有 connect最符合语境。8.【答案】D【解析】该题考察固定搭配。与 exposureto构成固定搭配的关系。表示“接触”9.【答案】B【解析】该题考察上下文语义。上文中说到这种荷尔蒙会给人带来一种愉悦的情绪，通过这个结论

16、，可以得出这种荷尔蒙能让人有让人信任的情绪/心绪。只有 mood 是最合适的答案。10.【答案】A【解析】此处仍然是考察上下文语境。上文中 In a study,researcherssprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;能从下文得知这也是只本句讲另外一组 受试者。conuterparts表示对应物，对应的人。11.【答案】B【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。从后文中的 also 可以看出前后一致的关系。前文对于这种天赋都是褒义的色彩，所以答案此时应该是 lucky。12.【答案】B【解析】同样也是因为 also，说明前后一致关

17、系。只能选择 protect.13.【答案】A【解析】考察固定搭配。ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate a credible person and a dishonest one.选则 between意为：14个月大的孩子能在诚实和不诚实的人之间进行区分。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！14.【答案】C【解析】考察搭配。结合原文语境，“Sixtytoddlerswereeachtoadulttesterholdingaplasticcon

18、tainer”选项C“beintroducedtosth”表示“初次认识某物。”符合原 文语境。15.【答案】D【解 析】本 题 考 察 借 此 搭 配 及 词 义 复 现。根 据 原 文“whats inhere?”beforelookinginto the container.Each subject was then invited to.选项 D 与前文所表达的 inhere和 lookinginto相关。因此 D为正选。16.【答案】A【解析】本题考察词义复现。根据语境“halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16 the container wasempty

19、.”这是用分好并列连接的两个句子，属于并列关系。因 此，前半句讲一般的受测者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句在肯定其他人会怎么说。像个小分局的结构基本一直。因此本题填入的含义应该与 found含义相同。因此，A选项发现为正选。17.【答案】C【解析】根据本题语境，此句在破折号后面，是对前面的意思解释说明。前面提到了另一半人发现盒子是空的，并且易世达测试者对他们怎么样。既然盒子是空的，那么肯定认识到测试者是在戏弄他们，所以对此题必须要理解测试者是主语，宾语是 Them 指的是受测者。主语的含义决定了谓语的含义为戏弄。因此 C 选 项为正选。18.【答案】B 【解析】考察搭配。根据句子结构我们可以看出

20、逗号之前是一个介词短语，意为在所有没有被戏弄过的孩子里面，大多数的孩子在习得一种新技能的时候与测试者的合作是如何的。Demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 表明这些孩子信 任他的领导。因此，既然信任他们就表示愿意合作。所 B选项 willingtodo 构成 固定搭配。19.【答案】A【解析】本题考察逻辑关系。根据原文语境“”only five of the 30 childrenparied with the 20 tester participated in a follow-up activity.通过该句中的 only，可以 看出与

21、上文的“大多数”形成鲜明对比。因此，本题应该选择转折逻辑关系。A 选项为正选。20.【答案】C【解析】本题考察词义辨析。根据原文语境；在接下来的活动中，30 个孩子中有 5个孩子与.样的测试者能合作，所以结合上文提到的大部分孩子信任测试者，但是 5/30 属于小部分，大部分测试者对应的是信任，而小部分应该对应的是不 信任。因此，C 选项“不可靠”为正选。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！SectionReadingComprehension PartA Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answ

22、erthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C orD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1 Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that willprobably gounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefor theirjobs?Dontdismissthatpossibilityentirely.

23、AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskof being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middleclass disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day caredontappeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringhavearousedthei

24、rinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,so they will befine.Thisisnttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well forLudditeswhose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raisedlivingstandards and

25、 created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automationshould eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,andfreeworkers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workersmay need a lot of helpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTh

26、eSecond Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculumsfromgrammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts andmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjobof fosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsider

27、obots.Onlineeducation can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra trainingand instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to dosowithout going intodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Starti

28、ngnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inprevious erasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreaming upwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthre

29、atenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeand laborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies forjob 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文

30、档！22 答案 C Issues arising from automation need to betackled 这是一道作者观点细节题，题干问道“下列哪项最能代表作者观点”根据上一题可知，这道题应该从第三段寻找答案，这种题一般到首句、末句或转折后寻找观点。首句就说到上面提到的威胁不是alarmist 危言耸听的；末句提到中产阶级工人需要很多帮助来调整自己。根据这两部分可知选项 C 是正确的，A 选项说对自动化的担心是groundless 的和文意相反；B 选项说乐观主义者对新技术的支持几乎没有找到支持不符合本段第二句和第三句，与原文相反；D选项新技术的负面影响可以避免与本段末句不符，既然

31、需要中产阶级去适应，那就说明是不可避免的，也应排除。23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasison.【选项】Acreativepotential.Bjob-huntingskills.Cindividualneeds.Dcooperativespirit.23 答案 A creativepotential 这是一道具体细节题，题干问到“自动化时代的教育应该重视什么”可定位到第四段，第一句就提到 creation,and reduceinequality.Technology will improve so

32、ciety in ways big and small over the next fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.Butpolicies to help workers adapt will beindispensable.21.【题干】Who will be most threatened byautomation

33、?【选项】ALeadingpoliticians.BLow-wagelaborers.CRobotowners.DMiddle-classworkers.21 答案 D Middle-classworkers这是一道具体细节题，题干问道“那些人受自动化威胁最大？”根据段落定位原则，第一题应该到第一段和第二段寻找答案，A 选项主要的政 治领导人，而原文只是 在一段提到了presidentialcampaign，并未提到政治领导人受自动化影响；B 选项低收入劳动者，在二段说道 lower-income jobsdontappealtorobots，说明不会受到影响；C 选项机器人的所有者，在二段末

34、句提到 therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.可以看到他们也是不受影响的；故选择 C，可以从二段的 But 后找到根据。22.【题干】Which of the following best represent the authorsview?【选项】AWorries about automation are in factgroundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find littlesupport.CIssues arising from automation need to betackledDNegative

35、 consequences of new tech can beavoided 了，curriculums should focus more on creativity and complexcommunication，更重视创新和复杂的交际，故 A 选项是正确的。这道题的对应非常直接，其他几个选项几乎不构成干扰。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimedat.【选项】Aencouraging the development ofaut

36、omation.Bincreasing the return on capitalinvestment.Ceasing the hostility between rich andpoor.Dpreventing the income gap fromwidening.24.答案 Dpreventing the income gap fromwidening.这是一道观点细节题，问作者认为税收政策应该以什么为目标。根据题干关键词定位至第六段，六段首句说因为自动化预示着劳资双方的收入在扩大，所以，税收和安全保障也将必须重新考虑。接着第二句就在具体解释税收政策该如何改变，如应该免去低工资工人的税，

37、个人所得税应该增加，最后一句话指出，这将提高收入，鼓励就业，激励那些创造就业的公司，减少不平等。由此可得知，关于税收政策的目标就是阻止收入差距扩大，答案是 D。25.【题干】In this text,the author presents a problemwith.【选项】Apposing views onit.Bpossible solutions toit.Cits alarmingimpacts.Dits majorvariations.25.答案 Bpossible solutions toit.纵观全文，作者在前两段提出了一个问题，即自动化将威胁到中产阶级工人的工作，第三段指出乐观

38、主义者认为这也许对工人们是有利的，只不过中产阶级工人可能需要做出一定的改变。从第四段到第六段就是作者给出的一些解决办法，如教育上要改变，培养学生的创造性和实际技能，以及对于税收政策的调整等，最后一段是概括总结，所以这是一篇提出问题，分析问题并解决问题的文章，所以，答案是 B，作者提出了问题，并且给出了可能的解决措施。Text2 A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds ofyoung AmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrumpsuseofTwitter.Theimplicationis

39、thatMillennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a presidents social mediaplatform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Such a trend is badly need

40、ed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly aquarterof web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Young people

41、 who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyusedistributedtrusttoverifystories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文

42、档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！thosethatareopenaboutanybias.Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,the surveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,and the United States

43、by the University of Wisconsin-Madison foundthatyoung peoples reliance on social media led to greater politicalengagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimatelyand immediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobem

44、oreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason givenby Americans for the fake news phenomenon is reader error,more so thanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewslies inmisinterpretationorexaggerationofactua

45、lnewsviasocialmediaInotherwords,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.Thisindicatesthere is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,saysRoxanneStone,editor in chief at BarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealam

46、entaldisciplineinthinkingskillsandintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans castdoubts on 【选项】Athe justification of the news-filteringpractice.Bpeoples preference for social mediaplatforms.Cthe administrations ability to handleinformatio

47、n.Dsocial media was a reliable source ofnews.答案Dsocialmediawasareliablesourceofnews 解析：细节题。根据题干信息定位到文中第一段与第二段。文章第一段提到在美国超过 2/3 的年轻人反对总统特朗普使用推特。接着提到美国公民更希望从别的渠道获得白宫的信息，而不是从总统的社交平台。第二段第二句指出由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们可能想办法提高自身的媒体文化素养。由此可见，很多美国年轻人怀疑社交媒体值不值得信任。因此 D 选项符合文意。27.【题干】The phrase beer up(Line 2,Para.2)is

48、closest in meaningto 【选项】AAsharpen BdefineCboastDshare 答案Asharpen解析：猜词题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美国人依靠社交媒体来查看每日头条。第二句紧接着指出 由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们开始 beefup自身的媒体文化素养。由此推测，美国人开始对媒体产生怀疑，所以是想办法强化自身的知识来辨别媒体可不可靠。选项中只有 A 项有(强化，加强)的含义。故 A项为正确答案。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！28.【题干】According to the kni

49、ght foundation survey,youngpeople 【选项】Atend to voice their opinions incyberspace.Bverify news by referring to diverseresources.Chave s strong sense ofresponsibility.Dlike to exchange views on distributedtrust 答案B verify news by referring to diverseresources.解析：根据题目中的 survey 可以得出，本题目为细节题的研究结论型。题干中已知的

50、关键词the knightfoundation survey 告诉我们本题在第三段第二句话的位置，原句指出A knight foundationfocus-group survey of young people.found they use distributed trust to verifystories.，意思是他们使 用 distributed trust 来 verify stories。而 且 下 一 句 又 详 细 指 出，theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives。结合选项可看出 B选项 verif