高考英语非谓语动词讲义.docx

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1、动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。A不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。He appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）To catch the train,wed better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）B不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。

2、It happened to be raining when I got there.我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。Im glad to be traveling with you.我很高兴和你一起旅游。C不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。Im sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。I meant to have finished my work last night,but I didnt feel very well.我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感觉身体不舒服。It has been an honor for m

3、e to have been invited to your country.对我来说，被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。D不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。Im sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉，我一直打扰你。比较：不定式的时态意义。He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）He i

4、s said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）E不定式的被动形式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。1一般式to be doneThese are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要他的地方。2完成式to have

5、 been doneThe novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。F.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。Never to have made any mistake is impossible.

6、从不犯错是不可能的。注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。动词ing动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带

7、状语、宾语等。A.动词-ing形式的一般式1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。They went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的

8、讲话。3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。B.动词-ing形式的完成式动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years,she knows it very

9、well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。注意：在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film.我

10、们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film.)C.动词-ing形式的被动形式动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。1一般式的被动形式The question being discussed is very important.正在讨论的问题很重要。I cant stand being kept waiting.我不堪久候。2完成式的被动形式I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我听说他被选为球队的教练。Having be

11、en shown the lab,we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。D.动词-ing形式的否定形式动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not加动词的-ing形式构成。His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。Im sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉没能按时赴会。Not knowing his address,I could do n

12、othing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。Not having studied his lessons very hard,he failed the examinations.因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。动词的过去分词动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。A动词的-ed形式的特征动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。1动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义

13、，有的同时也带有被动的意义。Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chinese people.鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。2及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。Given more time,I could have solved that ri

14、ddle.要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。）When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。）The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。3不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。an escaped pris

15、oner逃犯（=a prisoner who has escaped）a retired worker退休工人（=a worker who has retired）a newly arrived guest新来的客人（=a guest who has just arrived）We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。People should pay attention to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势。B动词的-ed形式的否定形式动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。Not allowed to go in,he had to wait outside.不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。Never invited to his party,she got angry with him.从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。学科网（北京）股份有限公司