第2章管理的历史课件.ppt

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1、1ManagementYesterdayand Today管理的昨天与今天管理的昨天与今天ChapterChapter2Exhibit 21Exhibit 21 Development of Major Management Development of Major Management Theories Theories 图图图图2-12-1 主要管理理论的发展主要管理理论的发展主要管理理论的发展主要管理理论的发展 P.31(10e P.31(10e 修改）修改）修改）修改）2Management Theories管理理论的流派Scientific Manage-ment科学管理PP.32-

2、33General Adminis-trative Theorists一般行政管理 P.34Quanti-tative Approach计量方法P.36Organiza-tional Behavior组织行为方法PP.37-39Early Advocates早期倡导者Hawthorne Studies 霍桑实验Early Examples of ManagementAdam Smith亚当 史密斯Industrial RevolutionHistorical Back-ground历史背景1911年年以前以前Systems Approach系统方法PP.13-14第1章Contin-gency

3、 Approach权变方法 P.15第1章Contemporary Approach 当代方法Classical Approach古典学派Learning Outcomes 学习成果学习成果阅读及学习完本章后要求掌握以下阅读及学习完本章后要求掌握以下6 6点，并能回答其中的有关问题：点，并能回答其中的有关问题：LO 2.1 管理的历史背景管理的历史背景LO 2.2 两个古典管理学派两个古典管理学派LO 2.3 计量管理学派计量管理学派LO 2.4 行为学派行为学派LO 2.5 当代的管理学派当代的管理学派LO 2.6 当前的问题和趋势当前的问题和趋势3Historical Background

4、 Of Management管理的历史背景Learning Outcome 2.11.Describe some early evidences of management practice.描述早期管理存在的史实2.Describe two important historical events that are significant to the study of management.描述对管理研究非常重要的两个历史事件4Historical Background of Management PP.30-31Ancient ManagementAncient Management 古代

5、的管理古代的管理Egypt(pyramids)and China(Great Wall)Egypt(pyramids)and China(Great Wall)VenetiansVenetians 威尼斯的威尼斯的(floating warship assembly lines)(floating warship assembly lines)5Historical Background of Management PP.30-31管理史上的两大事件：管理史上的两大事件：Adam SmithAdam Smith (重大历史事件重大历史事件1)1)Published Published“The

6、Wealth of Nations”“The Wealth of Nations”in 1776in 1776vvAdvocated the division of labor(job specialization)to increase Advocated the division of labor(job specialization)to increase the productivity of workersthe productivity of workers Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution (重大历史事件重大历史事件2)2)Su

7、bstituted machine power for human laborSubstituted machine power for human laborCreated large organizations in need of managementCreated large organizations in need of management61.Scientific ManagementScientific Management 科学管理学派科学管理学派2.General Administrative TheoryGeneral Administrative Theory 一般行

8、政管理一般行政管理理论学派理论学派3.Quantitative ManagementQuantitative Management 计量方法管理学派计量方法管理学派4.Organizational BehaviorOrganizational Behavior 组织行为学派组织行为学派5.Systems ApproachSystems Approach 系统论方法系统论方法6.Contingency ApproachContingency Approach 权变方法权变方法Major Approaches to Management 6大管理流派大管理流派Classical Approach古

9、典管理学派Learning Outcome 2.21.1.Describe the important contributions made by Frederick Describe the important contributions made by Frederick W.Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.W.Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.描述泰勒及加描述泰勒及加尔布雷斯夫妇的重要贡献尔布雷斯夫妇的重要贡献2.2.Discuss Fayols and Webers contributions to

10、Discuss Fayols and Webers contributions to management theory.management theory.讨论法约尔和韦伯对一般讨论法约尔和韦伯对一般管理理论管理理论管理理论管理理论的贡献的贡献3.3.Explain how todays managers use scientific Explain how todays managers use scientific management and general administrative theory.management and general administrative theo

11、ry.解释今解释今天的管理者如何应用科学管理和一般行政管理理论。天的管理者如何应用科学管理和一般行政管理理论。8古典管理学派之一古典管理学派之一Scientific Management 科学管理10Scientific Management 科学管理科学管理 P.32The“father”of scientific managementThe“father”of scientific management科学管理之父科学管理之父科学管理之父科学管理之父 1856 1856 19151915Published Published Principles of Scientific Managem

12、entPrinciples of Scientific Management科学管理原理科学管理原理(1911)(1911)Fredrick Winslow Taylor佛雷德里克佛雷德里克 泰罗泰罗 1856 191511Scientific Management 科学管理科学管理 P.32The theory of scientific management:Using Using scientific methods to define the“one best scientific methods to define the“one best way”for a job to be w

13、ay”for a job to be donedone 用科学方法来确定完成用科学方法来确定完成一项工作的最佳方法一项工作的最佳方法:Putting the right person on the job with the correct Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.tools and equipment.Having a standardized method of doing the job.Having a standardized method of doing the

14、 job.Providing an economic incentive to the workerProviding an economic incentive to the worker.泰罗的科学管理主要是致力于提高工作效率泰罗的科学管理主要是致力于提高工作效率12表表表表 21 21Taylors Four Principles of Taylors Four Principles of ManagementManagement 4 4项管理原则项管理原则项管理原则项管理原则 P.32P.321.Develop a science for each element of an indi

15、viduals work,which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.2.Scientifically select and then train,teach,and develop the worker.3.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.4.Divide work and resp

16、onsibility almost equally between management and workers.Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.13Scientific Management(contd)Focused Focused on increasing on increasing worker productivity worker productivity through the reduction of through the reduction of w

17、asted motionwasted motionDeveloped the Developed the microchronometer(microchronometer(精密精密计时器）计时器）to time worker to time worker motions and optimize motions and optimize work performancework performance通过时间动作优化来提通过时间动作优化来提高工作效率高工作效率Frank 佛兰克佛兰克(1868-1924);Lillian 莉莲莉莲(1878-1972)Gilbreth 加尔布雷思夫妇加尔布雷

18、思夫妇14Scientific Management(contd)How Do Todays Managers Use Scientific Management?Use time and motion studies to increase Use time and motion studies to increase productivity productivity 使用时间动作研究来提高工作效率使用时间动作研究来提高工作效率Hire the best qualified Hire the best qualified employeesemployees 雇用最好的合格雇用最好的合格员

19、工员工Design incentive systems based on Design incentive systems based on outputoutput 设计根设计根据产出的激励机制（如：计件工资）据产出的激励机制（如：计件工资）古典管理学派之二古典管理学派之二General Administrative Theory 一般行政管理理论16General Administrative General Administrative TheoryTheory 一般行政管理理论一般行政管理理论一般行政管理理论一般行政管理理论 PP.34-35PP.34-35主要贡献主要贡献主要贡献主要

20、贡献 Believed Believed that the practice of that the practice of management was distinct from management was distinct from other organizational functions other organizational functions 管理是一项独立工作管理是一项独立工作 提出提出5 5大管理职能（第大管理职能（第1 1章）章）Developed Developed fourteen principles fourteen principles of managem

21、ent that applied to of management that applied to all organizational all organizational situationssituations 提提出出1414项管理原则项管理原则Henri Fayol 1841-19251841-1925亨利亨利亨利亨利 法约尔法约尔法约尔法约尔现代管理理论之父现代管理理论之父现代管理理论之父现代管理理论之父17表表表表 22 22 法约尔法约尔法约尔法约尔1414项管理原则项管理原则项管理原则项管理原则 14 Principles of 14 Principles of Manage

22、mentManagement P.34P.341.1.Division of work.Division of work.2.2.Authority.Authority.3.3.Discipline.Discipline.4.4.Unity of command.Unity of command.5.5.Unity of direction.Unity of direction.6.6.Subordination of Subordination of individual interests to the individual interests to the general interes

23、t.general interest.7.7.Remuneration.Remuneration.8.8.Centralization.Centralization.9.9.Scalar chain.Scalar chain.10.10.Order.Order.11.11.Equity.Equity.12.12.Stability of tenure of Stability of tenure of personnel.personnel.13.13.Initiative.Initiative.14.14.Esprit de corps.Esprit de corps.General Adm

24、inistrative Theory 一般行政管理理论一般行政管理理论 PP.34-35主要贡献：主要贡献：主要贡献：主要贡献：bureaucracy organization bureaucracy organization 官僚制官僚制/科层制组织科层制组织Emphasized rationalityEmphasized rationality 理理性性,predictability,predictability 守规矩守规矩,impersonalityimpersonality 不讲私人情不讲私人情面面,technical competence,technical competence

25、技术素质技术素质,and,and authoritarianismauthoritarianism 威权威权18德国社会学家德国社会学家Max Weber 马克斯马克斯 韦伯韦伯 1864-192019图图图图 22 22 韦伯的理想的官僚制韦伯的理想的官僚制韦伯的理想的官僚制韦伯的理想的官僚制/科层制组织原则科层制组织原则科层制组织原则科层制组织原则 P.35P.35不讲个人情面不讲个人情面管理职业化管理职业化正式规章制度正式规章制度正规化选拔正规化选拔权力等级化权力等级化劳动分工劳动分工Quantitative Approach计量（定量）管理方法Learning Outcome 2.31

26、.Explain what the quantitative approach has Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management.contributed to the field of management.解释哪解释哪些数量方法在管理领域做出贡献些数量方法在管理领域做出贡献2.Discuss how todays managers use the Discuss how todays managers use the quantitative approach.quant

27、itative approach.讨论今天的管理者如何运讨论今天的管理者如何运用计量方法用计量方法2021Quantitative Approach to Management 管理中的计量方法管理中的计量方法Also called Also called operations researchoperations research or or management management science science 又叫运筹学，或管理科学又叫运筹学，或管理科学Evolved from mathematical and statistical Evolved from mathematica

28、l and statistical methods developed to solve WWII military methods developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problemslogistics and quality control problems 来源于二次来源于二次大战中军事后勤和质量控制的数学和统计方法。大战中军事后勤和质量控制的数学和统计方法。Focuses on improving managerial decision Focuses on improving manageria

29、l decision making by applying:making by applying:StatisticsStatistics 统计学统计学,optimization models,optimization models 优化模型优化模型,information modelsinformation models 信息模型信息模型,and computer simulations,and computer simulations 计算机模拟计算机模拟Behavioral approach行为方法Learning Outcome 2.41.Describe the contributi

30、ons of the early Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB.advocates of OB.描述组织行为早期倡导者的贡描述组织行为早期倡导者的贡献献2.Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the field of management.Studies to the field of management.解释霍桑实解释霍桑实验在管理上的贡献验在管理上的贡

31、献3.Discuss how todays managers use the Discuss how todays managers use the behavioral approach.behavioral approach.今天的管理者如何运用行今天的管理者如何运用行为方法为方法2223Understanding Organizational Behavior 了解组织行为了解组织行为Organizational Behavior(OB)Organizational Behavior(OB)The study of the actions of people at work;对人们在工作

32、中的行为的研究people are the most important asset of an organization 人是组织最重要的资产组织行为学派的组织行为学派的4位早期倡导者位早期倡导者 Early AdvocatesRobert Owen 罗伯特罗伯特 欧文欧文Hugo Munsterberg 雨果雨果 芒斯特博格芒斯特博格Mary Parker Follett 玛丽玛丽 福莱特福莱特Chester Barnard 切斯特切斯特 巴纳德巴纳德25图图图图 23 23 组织行为的早期贡献组织行为的早期贡献组织行为的早期贡献组织行为的早期贡献 Early Advocates of O

33、BEarly Advocates of OB26A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western ElectricExperimental findingsProductivity unexpectedly increased under Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse working conditions.imposed adverse working conditions.The effect of incentive plans was l

34、ess than The effect of incentive plans was less than expected.expected.The Hawthorne Studies 霍桑实验霍桑实验1924年-1932年 P.38 梅奥（Elton Mayo）的一些结论：的一些结论：人的行为和情绪是密切相关的，领导方式要注重提人的行为和情绪是密切相关的，领导方式要注重提人的行为和情绪是密切相关的，领导方式要注重提人的行为和情绪是密切相关的，领导方式要注重提高职工的满意度高职工的满意度高职工的满意度高职工的满意度组织中存在非正式组织，群体对个人的行为有巨大组织中存在非正式组织，群体对个人的行

35、为有巨大组织中存在非正式组织，群体对个人的行为有巨大组织中存在非正式组织，群体对个人的行为有巨大的影响的影响的影响的影响群体规范决定了单个工人的工作产量群体规范决定了单个工人的工作产量群体规范决定了单个工人的工作产量群体规范决定了单个工人的工作产量生产效率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围生产效率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围生产效率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围生产效率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围人的关系，金钱因素比群体规范、群体情绪和安全感人的关系，金钱因素比群体规范、群体情绪和安全感人的关系，金钱因素比群体规范、群体情绪和安全感人的关系，金钱因素比群体规范、群体情绪

36、和安全感这些因素的作用要小这些因素的作用要小这些因素的作用要小这些因素的作用要小27The Hawthorne Studies 霍桑实验霍桑实验1924年-1932年 P.38Contemporary Approach两种当代的管理方法（第1章）Learning Outcome 2.51.Describe an organization using the Describe an organization using the systems systems approach.approach.能用能用系统论方法系统论方法来描述一个组织来描述一个组织2.Discuss how the syste

37、ms approach helps us Discuss how the systems approach helps us understand management.understand management.系统论方法如何帮助系统论方法如何帮助我们理解管理我们理解管理 3.Explain how the Explain how the contingency approachcontingency approach is is appropriate for studying management.appropriate for studying management.解释如何解释如何用

38、用权变方法权变方法来研究管理来研究管理28当代管理方法之一当代管理方法之一systems approach 系统论方法30The Systems Approach 系统论方法系统论方法PP.13-14System Defined 系统的定义A set of interrelated and interdependent parts A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified arranged in a manner that produces a unif

39、ied whole.whole.一组相互关联和依存的部分组成的一个整一组相互关联和依存的部分组成的一个整体体Basic Types of Systems 两种基本系统Closed systemsClosed systems 封闭系统封闭系统Open systemsOpen systems 开放系统开放系统31图图图图 15 The Organization as an Open 15 The Organization as an Open SystemSystem组织是开放系统组织是开放系统组织是开放系统组织是开放系统 P.14P.1432Implications of the Systems

40、 Approach 系统方法对管理的意义系统方法对管理的意义 P.141.1.Coordination of the organizations parts is essential for Coordination of the organizations parts is essential for proper functioning of the entire organization.proper functioning of the entire organization.组织各部分组织各部分的协调是整个组织正常运作所必不可少的。的协调是整个组织正常运作所必不可少的。2.2.Dec

41、isions and actions taken in one area of the Decisions and actions taken in one area of the organization will have an effect in other areas of the organization will have an effect in other areas of the organization.organization.在组织中某一方面采取的决策和行动会对组在组织中某一方面采取的决策和行动会对组织的其他部分产生影响。织的其他部分产生影响。3.3.Organizat

42、ions are not self-contained and,therefore,Organizations are not self-contained and,therefore,must adapt to changes in their external environment.must adapt to changes in their external environment.组组织不是独立自足的，所以必须要应对外部的环境。织不是独立自足的，所以必须要应对外部的环境。当代管理方法之二当代管理方法之二contingency approach 权变方法34The Contingenc

43、y Approach权变方法权变方法 P.15Contingency Approach DefinedContingency Approach Defined（Also sometimes called the Also sometimes called the situational approach.situational approach.又叫情境方法又叫情境方法)1.1.There is no one universally applicable set of management There is no one universally applicable set of manage

44、ment principles(rules)by which to manage organizations.principles(rules)by which to manage organizations.不存不存在一套普遍适用的管理原则在一套普遍适用的管理原则2.2.Organizations are individually different,face different Organizations are individually different,face different situations(contingency variables),and require diffe

45、rent situations(contingency variables),and require different ways of managing.ways of managing.组织各不相同，面临不同的情境（称为组织各不相同，面临不同的情境（称为权变变量），从而需要不同的管理方法。权变变量），从而需要不同的管理方法。35表表表表 13 13 Popular Contingency VariablesPopular Contingency Variables 常见的权变变量常见的权变变量常见的权变变量常见的权变变量Organization sizeAs size increases,

46、so do the problems of coordination.Routineness of task technologyRoutine technologies require organizational structures,leadership styles,and control systems that differ from those required by customized or non-routine technologies.Environmental uncertaintyWhat works best in a stable and predictable

47、 environment may be totally inappropriate in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment.Individual differencesIndividuals differ in terms of their desire for growth,autonomy,tolerance of ambiguity,and expectations.Current Issues and Trends当前管理方面的问题题和趋势Learning Outcome 2.61.Explain why we need

48、to look at the current trends and issues facing managers.解释我们为什么要关注当前管理者面临的趋势和问题。2.Describe the current trends and issues facing managers.描述当前管理者面临的趋势和问题。3637Current Trends and Issues 当前的一些趋势和热点问题当前的一些趋势和热点问题 PP.39-48Globalization Globalization 全球化全球化EthicsEthics 道德伦理道德伦理Workforce DiversityWorkforce

49、 Diversity 劳动队伍多元化劳动队伍多元化EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship 企业家精神企业家精神E-BusinessE-Business 电子企业电子企业38培养一种知识共享的文化，让组织成员可以有系统地获得知识，并愿与他人分享，从而提高整个组织的绩效。知识管理一个能够不断学习，适应与改变的组织。学习型组织 39Current Trends and Issues 当前的一些趋势和热点问题当前的一些趋势和热点问题 PP.39-481.Globalization Globalization 全球化全球化2.EthicsEthics 道德伦理道德伦理3.Wor

50、kforce DiversityWorkforce Diversity 劳动队伍多元化劳动队伍多元化4.EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship 企业家精神企业家精神5.E-BusinessE-Business 电子企业电子企业6.Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management 知识管理知识管理7.Learning OrganizationsLearning Organizations 学习型组织学习型组织8.Quality ManagementQuality Management 质量管理质量管理质量管理质量管理 TQMTQM40Te