新GRE写作教程课件.ppt

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1、GREANALYTICALWRITING关于新GRE写作的几个重要概念核心测试点：（OGP11）批判性思批判性思维分析性写作技能分析性写作技能清晰表达清晰表达支持复支持复杂观点点构建能力构建能力评估估论证能力能力学学术性写作性写作风格格(WritingStyle):主题集中有条理ISSUE题目：针对针对一般性话题提出观点，包含如何就话题进行一般性话题提出观点，包含如何就话题进行回应回应提提出出明确明确的写作要求的写作要求。任务：任务：评估话题考虑复杂性推理和实例展开论证并支持自己的观点ARGUMENT题目：依据依据具体题目要求对具体题目要求对已有的论证已有的论证进行评估。进行评估。任务：任务：

2、论证是否符合逻辑考试模式：在在所有所有GRE考试内容的第一项出现考试内容的第一项出现Issue30分钟分钟Argument30分钟分钟所有所有AW的考题均出自于官方题库的考题均出自于官方题库 www.ets.org/gre/revised/awtopics每项满分每项满分6分，分，2012年开始启动年开始启动e-rater计划计划课时分配Issue:6节课节课Language:2节课节课Argument:2节课节课几个学生经常问到的问题GRE写作需要准备多长时间托福90分以上，写作单项不低于20分你的基础4分以上你的目标每天2个小时，3个月GRE写作用模板会怎样会死会死GRE写作需要背范文么不

3、不GRE分数和字数有关系么没没GRE借鉴别人的文章会被判抄袭么会会网上有很多GRE写作的高频，要看么？这个可这个可以有以有推荐几本GRE写作复习的参考书OGTheEconomistTIME民主的细节民主的细节重新发现社会重新发现社会ElementsofStylesAPeoplesHistoryofTheUnitedStates旧旧GRE官方题库范文官方题库范文上课如何听讲鼓励录音回家听课间休息不答疑，有问题写纸条如何与老师互动互动提问的要求不是你提的问题我都会回答，我回答的都是有意义的问题，不回答不是你提的问题我都会回答，我回答的都是有意义的问题，不回答的问题，一般是没有什么意义的的问题，一般

4、是没有什么意义的如何避免提没有意义的问题认真听课，你的绝大多数问题，其实都在课上回答了。不要为了提认真听课，你的绝大多数问题，其实都在课上回答了。不要为了提问而提问问而提问对于其他门派的复习方法问题，不回答对于其他门派的复习方法问题，不回答例如：我听XXX老师说要这样对于情商不高的问题（挑战我思路的问题），基本不回答对于情商不高的问题（挑战我思路的问题），基本不回答例如：夏总，你这个点讲错了。你这么宣扬美国民主制度，难道美国的民主制度就没有缺陷么？你为什么这么自大？如何避免GRE备考中出现自虐从而虐他的惨剧不要钻牛角尖不要钻牛角尖 ，很多问题是无解的，很多问题是无解的不要完美主义，你如果不能理

5、解我的思路，索性就不要理解了不要完美主义，你如果不能理解我的思路，索性就不要理解了针对不会写的题目，请自我安慰：这个题不会考的，不会考的，不针对不会写的题目，请自我安慰：这个题不会考的，不会考的，不会的，不会的，夏总会保佑我的。会的，不会的，夏总会保佑我的。GRE考不好，还可以扫大街。考不好，还可以扫大街。Tomorrowisanotherday面对自己的无知和无能面对自己的无知和无能的最为重要的社会底线，就是不要用自己的的最为重要的社会底线，就是不要用自己的无知和无能去麻烦别人，即便你给了别人钱无知和无能去麻烦别人，即便你给了别人钱GRE写作有什么捷径死磕死磕那听新东方的课，或者说听你的课，

6、对GRE提分帮助大么不大不大那么可以退班么？试听期内试听期内可以可以鼓励鼓励我，听完你讲的，我都绝望了从绝望中寻从绝望中寻希望，人生希望，人生终将辉煌终将辉煌那你的课到底能帮助我们什么为成为一个合格的知为成为一个合格的知识分子，打下最为基识分子，打下最为基本的理性思维和人文本的理性思维和人文关怀关怀ISSUE的评分标准SCORING6Inaddressingthespecifictaskdirections,a6responsepresentsacogentandwell-articulatedanalysisoftheissueandconveythemeaningskillfullyArt

7、iculatesaclearandinsightfulpositionontheissueinaccordancewiththeassignedtaskDevelopsthepositionfullywithcompellingreasonand/orpersuasiveexamplesSustainsawell-focused,well-organizedanalysis,connectingideaslogicallyConveysideasfluentlyandprecisely,usingeffectivevocabularyandsentencevarietyDemonstrates

8、superiorfacilitywiththeconventionsofstandardwrittenEnglish(grammar,usage,andmechanics)butmayhaveminorerrors回忆一下StyleLanguagepositionreasonexampleslogicanalysis写作时要避免发生的情况（SCORING3及以下）Vagueorlimitedinaddressingthespecifictaskdirectionsand/orinpresentingordevelopingapositionontheissueWeakintheuseofrel

9、evantreasonsorexamplesorrelieslargelyonunsupportedclaimsLimitedinfocusand/ororganizationHasproblemsinlanguageandsentencestructurethatresultinalackofclarityContainsoccasionalmajorerrorsorfrequentminorerrorsingrammar,usageormechanicsthatcaninterferewithmeaning什么样的文章是3分以下毛新宇毛新宇范文分析6分范文分析Aspeoplerelymor

10、eandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.Discusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtruea

11、ndexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.Thestatementlinkingtechnologynegatively立场明确立场明确withfreethinkingplaysonrecenthumanexperienceoverthepastcentury.Surely逻辑承接逻辑承接therehasbeennotimeinhistorywherethelivedlivesofpeoplehavechanged埋下伏笔埋下伏笔moredramatically.Aquickreflectiononatypicalday针对前文的针对前文

12、的change给出进一步扩展给出进一步扩展revealshowtechnologyhasrevolutionized立场词立场词theworld.Mostpeoplecommutetoworkinanautomobilethatrunsonaninternalcombustionengine.Duringtheworkday,chancesarehighthattheemployeewillinteractwithacomputerthatprocessesinformationonsiliconbridgesthatare.09micronswide.Uponleavinghome,fami

13、lymemberswillbereachedthroughwirelessnetworksthatutilizesatellitesorbitingtheearth对于上对于上文的文的typicalday中中technology如何如何revolutionizedtheworld给出具体描述给出具体描述.Eachofthesecommonoccurrencescouldhavebeeninconceivableattheturnofthe19thcentury再次表明立场再次表明立场.逻辑结构TechnologychangedhumanlifecarcomputerMobilephoneTec

14、hnologychangedhumanlifestatementThestatementattemptstobridgethesedramaticchangestoareductionintheabilityforhumanstothinkforthemselves重述题目重述题目.Theassumption挖掘题目成立的逻辑前提挖掘题目成立的逻辑前提isthatanincreasedrelianceontechnologynegatestheneedforpeopletothinkcreativelytosolvepreviousquandaries.Lookingbackattheintr

15、oduction,onecouldarguethatwithoutacar,computer,ormobilephone与第一段与第一段出现的例子次序完全对应出现的例子次序完全对应,thehypotheticalworkerwouldneedtofindalternatemethodsoftransport,informationprocessingandcommunication再次对应再次对应.Technologyshortcircuitsthisthinkingbymakingtheproblemsobsolete给出给出technology让人们思考能力下降让人们思考能力下降的原因，的

16、原因，sub-point.TechnologychangedhumanlifecarcomputerMobilephoneTechnologychangedhumanlifestatementNegativesidesoftechtransportationinformationcommunicationTechshortcircuitshumanthinkingHowever逻辑转折逻辑转折,thisrelianceontechnologydoesnotnecessarilyprecludethecreativitythatmarksthehumanspecies重复转折法重复转折法.The

17、priorexamplesrevealthattechnologyallowsforconvenience.Thecar,computerandphone一致性一致性allreleaseadditionaltimeforpeopletolivemoreefficiently.Thisefficiency重复前词，重复前词，顶真结构顶真结构doesnotprecludetheneedforhumanstothinkforthemselves.树立对树立对立观点立观点Infact,technologyfreeshumanitytonotonlytacklenewproblems,butmayits

18、elfcreatenewissuesthatdidnotexistwithouttechnologysub-point.Forexample,theproliferationofautomobileshasintroducedaneedforfuelconservationonaglobalscale.Withincreasingenergydemandsfromemergingmarkets,globalwarmingbecomesaconcerninconceivabletothehorse-and-buggygeneration针对针对createnewissue给出的具体事例给出的具体

19、事例.Likewise并行例子并行例子dependenceonoilhascreatednation-statesthatarenotdependentontaxation,allowingrulingpartiestooppressminoritygroupssuchaswomen.SolutionstothesecomplexproblemsrequiretheunfetteredimaginationsofmaverickscientistsandpoliticiansRebuttalNegativesidesoftechtransportationinformationcommunic

20、ationTechshortcircuitshumanthinkingNewissueraisedautomobileGlobalwarmingoppressionNewissueraisedIncontrasttothestatement逻辑词逻辑词,wecanevenseehowtechnologyfreesthehumanimaginationsub-point现象列举，证明现象列举，证明technologyfreeshumanimagination.Considerhowthedigitalrevolutionandtheadventoftheinternethasallowedfor

21、anunprecedentedexchangeofideas.WebMD,apopularinternetportalformedicalinformation,permitspatientstoselfresearchsymptomsforamoreinformeddoctorvisit.Thisexerciseopenspathwaysofthinkingthatwerepreviouslyclosedofftothemedicallayman将例子回归主旨将例子回归主旨.Withincreasedinterdisciplinaryinteractions,inspirationcanar

22、rivefromthemostsurprisingcorners再次现象列举再次现象列举.JeffreySachs,oneofthearchitectsoftheUNMilleniumDevelopmentGoals,basedhisideasonemergencycaretriagetechniques.Theunlikelymarriageofeconomicsandmedicine对应前文中的对应前文中的interdisciplinaryinteractionshashealedtense,hyperinflationenvironmentsfromSouthAmericatoEaste

23、rnEurope.Thislastexampleprovidesthemosthopeinhowtechnologyactuallyprovideshopetothefutureofhumanity.sub-pointByincreasingourrelianceontechnology,impossiblegoals对对hopetothefutureofhumanity的进一步论述的进一步论述cannowbeachieved.Considerhowthelate20thcenturywitnessedthecompleteeliminationofsmallpox.例证，例证，对应对应imp

24、ossiblegoalsThisdiseasehadravagedthehumanracesinceprehistoricaldays,andyetwiththetechnologyofvaccinestechnology的具体化的具体化,freethinkinghumansdaredtoimagineaworldfreeofsmallpox.Usingtechnology,battleplansweredrawnout,andsmallpoxwassystematicallytargetedanderadicated.TechdoesnotdeterioratehumanthinkingFr

25、eeshumanimaginationWebMDInterdisciplinaryinteractionHopetohumanitySmallpoxTechdoesnotdeterioratehumanthinkingTechnology will always mark the human experience,from the Technology will always mark the human experience,from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology.discovery of fire

26、 to the implementation of nanotechnology.Given the history of the human race,there will be no Given the history of the human race,there will be no limit to the number of problems,both new and old,for us limit to the number of problems,both new and old,for us to tackle to tackle 对应之前的对应之前的sub-point.T

27、here is no need to sub-point.There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things,but rather retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things,but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues o

28、f humanimagination.technology provides for new avenues of humanimagination.整体文章结构Reliedontech,humanfailstothinkcreativelyTechchangeshumanlifeCar/computer/mobilephoneTechshortcircuitshumanthinkingNewissuesarisenTechdoesnotdeterioratehumanthinkingimaginationHopetohumanityWebMDInterdisciplinarysmallpox

29、Tech,inspiteofsomeshortcomings,stillboostscivilizationforwardGRE写作到底考什么批判性思批判性思维分析性写作技能分析性写作技能清晰表达清晰表达支持复支持复杂观点点构建能力构建能力评估估论证能力能力学学术性写作性写作风格格(WritingStyle):主题集中有条理GRE写作流程审题破破题提提纲文字与文字与风格格成文如何审题Discusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indev

30、elopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyargumentationsub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailssub-point3#+supportingdetailsConcessionConc

31、lusionDiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.文章结构topicIntrod

32、uctionthesisstatementBodyCircumstance1#Standingpoint1#Sub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailsCircumstance2#Standingpoint2#Sub-point3#+supportingdetailsSub-point4#+supportingdetailsConclusionDiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition

33、,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsand/orexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyopposition1#Rebuttal1#Sub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailsopposition2#Rebuttal2#Sub-point3#+supportingdetailsSub-point4#+supportingdetailsConclus

34、ionDiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresented.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyview1#Sub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailsview2#Sub-point3#+

35、supportingdetailsSub-point4#+supportingdetailsConclusionDiscuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and reason,on which that claim is based.claim and reason,on which that claim is based.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstateme

36、ntBodyReasonprovidedsub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailsOtherreasonsSub-point3#+supportingdetailsSub-point4#+supportingdetailsConclusionDiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Idevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconse

37、quencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyConsequence1#Condition1#Position1#Consequence2#Condition2#Position2#Conclusion审题就是梳理行文结构逻辑形式演演绎法法归纳法法审题破破题段落文字与文字与风格格成文破题对于题目如何分解Itisprimarilyincitiesthatanationsculturaltraditionsar

38、egeneratedandpreserved.CitiesruralareasCulturaltraditions?Generatedpreserved进一步的逻辑层次CulturaltraditionsgeneratedpreservedcitiesRuralareas分解的思路定义定义核心核心词词取反取反第三第三种可能种可能例题Somepeopleclaimthatyoucantellwhetheranationisgreatbylookingattheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists.Othersarguethatthesurest

39、indicatorofagreatnationis,infact,thegeneralwelfareofallitspeople.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresented.GRE题材分类存在论：主观意识与客观存在存在论：主观意识与客观存在认识论

40、：人类的经验、知识、超验认识论：人类的经验、知识、超验时间性：历史观时间性：历史观道德论：人性道德论：人性社会组织形式社会组织形式政治政治社会发展论：人性的物化社会发展论：人性的物化全球化浪潮全球化浪潮存在论主主观存存在在与与客客观存在存在理想与理想与现实二重人性客观存在的主观性REALISMVSIDEALISM对于现实的妥协让人能够生存，而对于理想的追求能让人真正的生对于现实的妥协让人能够生存，而对于理想的追求能让人真正的生活活Thecompromisewithrealitymakespeoplesurvive,butthepursuitofidealmakespeopletrulylive

41、.Weareallinthegutters,butsomeofusarelookingatthestars.-OscarWilde例题Educationalinstitutionsshoulddissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed。Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourpositi

42、on,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyConsequence1#Condition1#Position1#Consequence2#Condition2#Position2#Conclusion思路现实角度看，不鼓角度看，不鼓励学生学励学生学习不容易不容易成功的学科的成功的学科的结果果是：是：通过容易成功的学科学习让绝大多数学生

43、更加成功成就感是学习非常重要的驱动力由易到难的循序渐进的学习方法是最符合人认知规律的方法从理想角度看，鼓从理想角度看，鼓励学生学励学生学习容易成容易成功的学科的功的学科的结果是：果是：让少部分优秀的学生学习需求没有得到满足将学习的结果作为考量教育的唯一标准，否定了教育的本质反思现实主义：成功，吃喝玩乐，人的基本需求，不反抗，逆来顺受、活得很自在，被世俗所接收。和现实做敌人，其实生活的很累但是做了现实的奴隶，我们其实就没有活过我们当中的绝大多数人在绝大多数情况下，都是现实主义者通过容易成功的学科学习让绝大多数学生更加成功学的简单符合规律思路现实角度看角度看适合绝大多数人绝大多数人的主观意志薄弱客

44、观规律需要被遵守从理想角度从理想角度看看少数牛逼的人不适合否定了人的超越性例题Claim:Imaginationisamorevaluableassetthanexperience.Reason:Peoplewholackexperiencearefreetoimaginewhatispossiblewithouttheconstraintsofestablishedhabitsandattitudes.理想与现实、创新与继承理想与现实、创新与继承Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththecl

45、aimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyReasonprovidedsub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailsOtherreasonsSub-point3#+supportingdetailsSub-point4#+supportingdetailsConclusion思路Body没有没有过往往经验和和态度度的束的束缚，人，人们的确可的确可以以拥有更多的想象空有更多的想象空间过往经验容易造成思维定式，对于

46、创新有阻碍作用对于于过往往经验的的继承也非常重要承也非常重要从认知角度(cognitiveperspective)来看，经验是想象力的基础突破固有经验重组固有经验两者同等重要反思主观：想象力主观：想象力客观：基于经验的认知规律客观：基于经验的认知规律客观强调存在客观强调存在主观强调超越（主观强调超越（transcendentalism）对于比较类型的题目，如：对于比较类型的题目，如：Imaginationisamorevaluableassetthanexperience.可以谈两者同等重要可以谈两者同等重要客客观规律律主主观能能动存在论主主观存存在在与与客客观存在存在理想与理想与现实二重人性

47、客观存在的主观性例题TheluxuriesandconveniencesofcontemporarylifepreventpeoplefromdevelopingintotrulystrongandindependentindividualsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsid

48、erwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.文章结构topicIntroductionthesisstatementBodyargumentationsub-point1#+supportingdetailssub-point2#+supportingdetailssub-point3#+supportingdetailsConcessionConclusion思路Body现代生活中的奢侈品和便利品的确让人们变得脆弱奢侈品人开始变成物品的努力，

49、物品开始衡量人的社会地位便利品个人带来的其实是更多的麻烦奢侈品和便利品关键看使用者如何去看待他们内心脆弱的人们往往是为了占有，而内心原本就很强大的人，这些现代性的东西只是体验反思心外无物心外无物任何既成的事实都是在人脑中的映像任何既成的事实都是在人脑中的映像Innerheartdecidesouterworld奢侈品和便利品关键看奢侈品和便利品关键看使用者如何去看待他们使用者如何去看待他们练习Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeoplesefficiencysothattheyhavemoreleisureti

50、meWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.思路BodyTechnologicalad