冠脉造影的规范操作课件.ppt
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1、冠脉造影的规范操作冠脉造影的规范操作中国医学科学院中国医学科学院 阜外心血管病医院阜外心血管病医院杨跃进杨跃进 20092009年介入沙龙(年介入沙龙(CISC 2009CISC 2009)北京北京 09-2-2009-2-20冠脉造影冠脉造影n仍是诊断仍是诊断CHDCHD的的“金标准金标准”n是是PCIPCI操作技术的基础操作技术的基础n经动脉系统操作:有血栓栓塞风险经动脉系统操作:有血栓栓塞风险n导管进入冠脉内:有损伤冠脉口的风险导管进入冠脉内:有损伤冠脉口的风险n需引导导丝前引,有损伤血管的风险需引导导丝前引,有损伤血管的风险n需穿刺外周动脉、置入或拔出鞘管,有出血、血肿需穿刺外周动脉、
2、置入或拔出鞘管,有出血、血肿的风险的风险n导管直接进出血液循环系统,有感染风险导管直接进出血液循环系统,有感染风险n需使用对比剂,有过敏和对比剂肾病风险需使用对比剂,有过敏和对比剂肾病风险因此,规范操作十分重要因此,规范操作十分重要Left coronary distributionDominant LCXWrap-around LAD冠状动脉血管树解剖示意图1.1.左主干左主干12.12.圆锥支圆锥支2.2.前降支近段前降支近段13.13.右冠状动脉近段右冠状动脉近段3.3.前降支中段前降支中段14.14.右冠状动脉中段右冠状动脉中段4.4.前降支远段前降支远段15.15.右冠状动脉远段右冠
3、状动脉远段5.5.第一对角支第一对角支16.16.房室结动脉房室结动脉6.6.第二对角支第二对角支17.17.后降支后降支7.7.回旋支近段回旋支近段18.18.左心室支左心室支8.8.回旋支远段回旋支远段19.19.右心室支右心室支9.9.钝缘支钝缘支20.20.锐缘支锐缘支10.10.后降支后降支21.21.室间隔穿支室间隔穿支11.11.窦房结动脉窦房结动脉22.22.左心房支左心房支Coronary Anomalyn定义?定义?是将冠造风险降至最低甚至可避免的合理操是将冠造风险降至最低甚至可避免的合理操作作n原则:需有效降低上述风险甚至潜在风险原则:需有效降低上述风险甚至潜在风险l穿刺
4、血管损伤穿刺血管损伤l沿途动脉损伤沿途动脉损伤l冠脉损伤冠脉损伤l心肌缺血心肌缺血l过敏过敏l感染感染l血栓栓塞血栓栓塞规范操作:定义或原则?规范操作:定义或原则?冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(1)n操作准备操作准备l消毒、铺巾、准备心电压力连接消毒、铺巾、准备心电压力连接l穿刺、鞘管准备穿刺、鞘管准备l导管(肝素水)冲洗导管(肝素水)冲洗l急救药物准备急救药物准备l三联三通准备三联三通准备n穿刺外周动脉,插入鞘管穿刺外周动脉,插入鞘管股动脉股动脉桡动脉桡动脉肱动脉(应严格指征)肱动脉(应严格指征)n前送导管至升主动脉的根部前送导管至升主动脉的根部需导丝引导需导丝引导避免操作阻力避免
5、操作阻力避免进入沿途动脉分支避免进入沿途动脉分支抽血排气,监测压力抽血排气,监测压力冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(2 2)Seldinger technique Anterior Superior Iliac SpinePubisInguinal LiagmentThe maximal inguinal pulsation is over the CFA in 90%of casesFluoroscopically,the medial aspect of the femoral head marks the CFA.Puncture at this site will enter
6、the CFA in 80%of casesThe midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubis located the CFA in most patientsHow to do a proper groin stick?Good punctureHigh PuncturePros and cons for radial approachAdvantages:The lowest access site complication rate.Early ambulation and early discharg
7、e.Lower procedural cost.Disadvantages:Technically more difficult.To use radial or not?Patient selectionObese,elderly and patients with PVDPatients with bleeding risk(lytic,on coumadin,GP2b/3a)Patient to avoidShockRaynauds,Buergers diseaseSmall artery even with normal Allen testRadial artery puncture
8、Complex anatomyComplex anatomyComplex anatomyConsensus on radial accessTRA is an elegant,enthusiastic,profitable and reliable technique.TRA provides the lowest access site complication rate.TRA improves the comfort of the patient.TRA allows the use of most current devices and technique.TRA requires
9、learningBrachial Artery PunctureBrachial Access Indication Femoral or radial approach Femoral or radial approach is not availableis not available Femoral approach is Femoral approach is dangerous(aortic dangerous(aortic aneurysm)aneurysm)Unaccessible IMA by Unaccessible IMA by femoral approachfemora
10、l approach Excessively obese patientExcessively obese patient Radial approach is Radial approach is preserved for cardiac preserved for cardiac surgeonsurgeonBrachial Access DisadvantagesMore vascular complication(Thromboembolism Hematoma)than radial 2-3%Hard to compress(between the head and biceps)
11、Nerve injury(median nerve is in the bundle)ACCESS:A Randomized Comparison of ACCESS:A Randomized Comparison of PTCA by the Radial,Brachial,and Femoral PTCA by the Radial,Brachial,and Femoral ApproachesApproachesKiemeneij,et al.JACC 1997;29:1269-1275Kiemeneij,et al.JACC 1997;29:1269-1275900 patients
12、undergoing PTCA randomized to radial,brachial or 900 patients undergoing PTCA randomized to radial,brachial or femoral artery access site.femoral artery access site.Conclusions:Conclusions:1.1.Procedural and clinical outcomes were similar for the three Procedural and clinical outcomes were similar f
13、or the three subgroups.subgroups.2.2.Access failure was more common during transradial PTCA.Access failure was more common during transradial PTCA.3.3.Major access site complications were more frequent after Major access site complications were more frequent after transbrachial and transfemoral PTCA
14、.transbrachial and transfemoral PTCA.N=900N=900RadialRadial(n=30(n=300)0)BrachiaBrachial l(n=300(n=300)FemoraFemoral l(n=300(n=300)Successful Coronary Cannulation(%)Successful Coronary Cannulation(%)93.093.095.795.799.799.7PTCA Success(%)PTCA Success(%)91.791.790.790.790.790.7Event Free at 1 Month(%
15、)Event Free at 1 Month(%)88.088.087.787.790.090.0Major Entry Site Complications(%)Major Entry Site Complications(%)0 02.32.32.02.0n导管进入左右冠脉口导管进入左右冠脉口l规律手法:规律手法:“螺丝钉原则螺丝钉原则”l特殊例外:升主动脉扩张时特殊例外:升主动脉扩张时l避免注入气体和血栓避免注入气体和血栓l避免压力嵌顿避免压力嵌顿n推注对比剂造影推注对比剂造影l清晰显像而对比剂最少清晰显像而对比剂最少l持续推注对比剂持续推注对比剂3 3心动周期心动周期l多体位投照,充分
16、显露病变部位和各段血管多体位投照,充分显露病变部位和各段血管l严密观察严密观察ECGECG和血压、心率变化和血压、心率变化冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(3 3)n撤出造影导管撤出造影导管l血压、心率稳定再撤血压、心率稳定再撤l缓慢均匀缓慢均匀n拔出鞘管,加压包扎拔出鞘管,加压包扎l压动脉而非静脉压动脉而非静脉l压住动脉穿刺点部位而非其它部位压住动脉穿刺点部位而非其它部位l观察术肢肤色、肤温、动脉搏动和穿刺血管处观察术肢肤色、肤温、动脉搏动和穿刺血管处有无血肿有无血肿冠脉造影的基本步骤(冠脉造影的基本步骤(4 4)冠脉造影的规范操作要点(冠脉造影的规范操作要点(1)n操作准备操作准备l
17、消毒、铺巾,须符合无菌原则消毒、铺巾,须符合无菌原则l压力连接排水:应从压力连接排水:应从“中央中央”向外排向外排l须用肝素水冲洗鞘、导管等须用肝素水冲洗鞘、导管等l三联三通联接至压力、肝素盐水和造影剂三联三通联接至压力、肝素盐水和造影剂n穿刺外周动脉穿刺外周动脉l准确定位动脉穿刺点,不能太高和太低准确定位动脉穿刺点,不能太高和太低l尽量一针见血尽量一针见血l避免穿透血管后壁避免穿透血管后壁l鞘管导丝无阻力送入鞘管导丝无阻力送入n前送造影导管至主动脉根部前送造影导管至主动脉根部l透视帮助导丝前行,别误入颈动脉和冠脉内透视帮助导丝前行,别误入颈动脉和冠脉内l避免左冠一次进入冠脉左主干口内避免左冠
18、一次进入冠脉左主干口内l撤导丝、抽回血、接压力、排气体撤导丝、抽回血、接压力、排气体n导管进入冠脉口导管进入冠脉口l在冠脉口左前斜位进(在冠脉口左前斜位进(LAO 45LAO 45o o)l规律手法:规律手法:“拧螺丝钉原则拧螺丝钉原则”(顺钟向进,反之出,(顺钟向进,反之出,升主动脉扩张者例外)升主动脉扩张者例外)l操作轻柔,无阻力操作轻柔,无阻力l避免避免“顶进顶进”左冠口,和左冠口,和“跳进跳进”右冠内右冠内l注意特殊导管(如注意特殊导管(如ALAL1 1)的特殊操作性:应顺畅)的特殊操作性:应顺畅冠脉造影的规范操作要点(冠脉造影的规范操作要点(2 2)n推注造影剂造影推注造影剂造影l应
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