大学外贸英语orientation.ppt

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1、CollegeEnglishforInternationalBusinessRobin2011ContentsInternationalbusinessGlobaleconomiccrisisof2008G20EconomictermsVocabularyAssignmentInternationalBusinessInternational business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions(private and governmental,sales,investments,logisti

2、cs,and transportation)that take place between two or more nations.Usually,private companies undertake such transactions for profit;governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons.It refers to all those business activities which involves cross border transactions of goods,services,res

3、ources between two or more nations.Transaction of economic resources include capital,skills,people etc.for international production of physical goods and services such as finance,banking,insurance,construction etc.Amultinationalenterprise(MNE)isacompanythathasaworldwideapproachtomarketsandproduction

4、oronewithoperationsinmorethanacountry.AnMNEisoftencalledmultinationalcorporation(MNC)ortransnationalcompany(TNC).WellknownMNCsincludefastfoodcompaniessuchasMcDonaldsandYumBrands,vehiclemanufacturerssuchasGeneralMotors,FordMotorCompanyandToyota,consumerelectronicscompanieslikeSamsung,LGandSony,andene

5、rgycompaniessuchasExxonMobil,ShellandBP.Mostofthelargestcorporationsoperateinmultiplenationalmarkets.Areasofstudywithinthistopicincludedifferencesinlegalsystems,politicalsystems,economicpolicy,language,accountingstandards,laborstandards,livingstandards,environmentalstandards,localculture,corporatecu

6、lture,foreignexchangemarket,tariffs,importandexportregulations,tradeagreements,climate,educationandmanymoretopics.Eachofthesefactorsrequiressignificantchangesinhowindividualbusinessunitsoperatefromonecountrytothenext.Theconductofinternationaloperationsdependsoncompaniesobjectivesandthemeanswithwhich

7、theycarrythemout.Theoperationsaffectandareaffectedbythephysicalandsocietalfactorsandthecompetitiveenvironment.OperationsObjectives:sales expansion,resource acquisition,risk minimizationMeansModes:importing and exporting,tourism and transportation,licensing and franchising,turnkey operations,manageme

8、nt contracts,direct investment and portfolio investments.Functions:marketing,global manufacturing and supply chain management,accounting,finance,human resourcesOverlaying alternatives:choice of countries,organization and control mechanismsPhysical and societal factorsPoliticalpoliciesandlegalpractic

9、esCulturalfactorsEconomicforcesGeographicalinfluencesCompetitive factorsMajoradvantageinprice,marketing,innovation,orotherfactors.NumberandcomparativecapabilitiesofcompetitorsCompetitivedifferencesbycountryTherehasbeengrowthinglobalizationinrecentdecadesduetothefollowingeightfactors:1.Technologyisex

10、panding,especiallyintransportationandcommunications.2.Governmentsareremovinginternationalbusinessrestrictions.3.Institutionsprovideservicestoeasetheconductofinternationalbusiness.1.Consumersknowaboutandwantforeigngoodsandservices.2.Competitionhasbecomemoreglobal.3.Politicalrelationshipshaveimproveda

11、mongsomemajoreconomicpowers.4.Countriescooperatemoreontransnationalissues.5.Cross-nationalcooperationandagreements.Studyinginternationalbusinessisimportantbecause:Mostcompaniesareeitherinternationalorcompetewithinternationalcompanies.Modesofoperationmaydifferfromthoseuseddomestically.Thebestwayofcon

12、ductingbusinessmaydifferbycountry.Anunderstandinghelpsyoumakebettercareerdecisions.Anunderstandinghelpsyoudecidewhatgovernmentalpoliciestosupport.Managersininternationalbusinessmustunderstandsocialsciencedisciplinesandhowtheyaffectallfunctionalbusinessfields.SixTenetsTakeadvantageoftradeagreements:t

13、hinkoutsidetheborderFamiliarize yourself with preference programs and trade agreements.Read the fine print（契约中）难懂的条文.Participate in the process.Seize opportunities when they arise.ProtectyourbrandatallcostsYou and your brand are inseparable.You must be vigilant警惕的 in protecting your intellectual pro

14、perty both at home and abroad.You must be vigilant in enforcing your IP rights.Protect your worldwide reputation by strict adherence to labor and human rights standards.MaintainhighethicalstandardsStrong ethics translate into good business.Forge ethical strategic partnerships.Understand corporate ac

15、countability laws.Become involved with the international business self-regulation movement.Develop compliance依从 protocols for import and export operations.Memorialize your companys code of ethics and compliance practices in writing.Appoint a leader.StaysecureinaninsecureworldSecurity requires transp

16、arency throughout the supply chain.Participate in trade-government partnerships.Make the most of new security measures.Secure your data.Keep your personnel secure.ExpecttheUnexpectedThe unexpected will happen.Do your research now.Address your particular circumstances.AllglobalbusinessispersonalGo to

17、 the source.Keep communications open.Keep the home office operational.Fly the flag at your overseas locations.Relate to offshore associates on a personal level.Be available to overseas clients and customers 24/7.global economic crisis of 2008Theglobal economic crisis of 2008wastriggeredinitiallybypr

18、oblemsintheUScreditandhousingmarkets,butfromtherehasspreadtotherestoftheworldseconomies.Thisinitiativewilltrytoexplainhowthishappened,whatmeasureshavebeentakentoreducethebadeffects,andsoforth.CausesIthinkwecansumupthecauseofourcurrenteconomiccrisisinonewordGREED.Overtheyears,mortgagelenderswerehappy

19、tolendmoneytopeoplewhocouldntaffordtheirmortgages.Buttheydiditanywaybecausetherewasnothingtolose.Theselenderswereabletochargehigherinterestratesandmakemoremoneyonsub-primeloans.Iftheborrowersdefault,theysimplyseizedthehouseandputitbackonthemarket.Ontopofthat,theywereabletopasstheriskofftomortgageins

20、urerorpackagethesemortgagesasmortgage-backedsecurities.Easymoney!Whatgowrong?Thewholethingwasonebigscheme.Everythingwasgreatwhenhousesweresellinglikehotcakesandtheirvaluesgoupeverymonth.Lendersmadeiteasiertoborrowmoney,andthehigherdemanddroveuphousevalues.Higherhousevaluesmeansthatlenderscouldlendou

21、tevenbiggermortgages,anditalsogavelenderssomeprotectionagainstforeclosures.Allofthistranslatesintomoremoneyforthelenders,insurers,andinvestors.Unfortunately,manyborrowersgotslammedwhentheiradjustablemortgagefinallyadjusted.Whentoomanyofthemcouldntaffordtomaketheirpayments,itcausestheselenderstosuffe

22、rfromliquidityissueandtositonmoreforeclosuresthantheycouldsell.Mortgage-backedsecuritiesbecamemoreriskyandworthlesscausinginvestmentfirmslikeLehmanBrotherstosuffer.G20TheGroupofTwenty(G-20)FinanceMinistersandCentralBankGovernorswasestablishedin1999tobringtogethersystemicallyimportantindustrializedan

23、ddevelopingeconomiestodiscusskeyissuesintheglobaleconomy.TheinauguralmeetingoftheG-20tookplaceinBerlin,onDecember15-16,1999,hostedbyGermanandCanadianfinanceministers.TheG-20isthepremierforumforourinternationaleconomicdevelopmentthatpromotesopenandconstructivediscussionbetweenindustrialandemerging-ma

24、rketcountriesonkeyissuesrelatedtoglobaleconomicstability.Bycontributingtothestrengtheningoftheinternationalfinancialarchitectureandprovidingopportunitiesfordialogueonnationalpolicies,internationalco-operation,andinternationalfinancialinstitutions,theG-20helpstosupportgrowthanddevelopmentacrosstheglo

25、be.OriginTheG-20wascreatedasaresponsebothtothefinancialcrisesofthelate1990sandtoagrowingrecognitionthatkeyemerging-marketcountrieswerenotadequatelyincludedinthecoreofglobaleconomicdiscussionandgovernance.PriortotheG-20creation,similargroupingstopromotedialogueandanalysishadbeenestablishedattheinitia

26、tiveoftheG-7.TheG-22metatWashingtonD.C.inAprilandOctober1998.OriginItsaimwastoinvolvenon-G-7countriesintheresolutionofglobalaspectsofthefinancialcrisisthenaffectingemerging-marketcountries.Twosubsequentmeetingscomprisingalargergroupofparticipants(G-33)heldinMarchandApril1999discussedreformsoftheglob

27、aleconomyandtheinternationalfinancialsystem.TheproposalsmadebytheG-22andtheG-33toreducetheworldeconomyssusceptibilitytocrisesshowedthepotentialbenefitsofaregularinternationalconsultativeforumembracingtheemerging-marketcountries.Sucharegulardialoguewithaconstantsetofpartnerswasinstitutionalizedbythec

28、reationoftheG-20in1999.MembershipTheG-20ismadeupofthefinanceministersandcentralbankgovernorsof19countries:ArgentinaAustraliaBrazilCanadaChinaFranceGermanyIndiaIndonesiaItalyJapanMexicoRussiaSaudiArabiaSouthAfricaRepublicofKoreaTurkeyUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesofAmericaChairUnlikeinternationalinstituti

29、onssuchastheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),IMForWorldBank,theG-20(liketheG-7)hasnopermanentstaffofitsown.TheG-20chairrotatesbetweenmembers,andisselectedfromadifferentregionalgroupingofcountrieseachyear.In2011theG-20chairisFrance.Thechairispartofarevolvingthree-membermanageme

30、ntTroikaofpast,presentandfuturechairs.Theincumbentchairestablishesatemporarysecretariatforthedurationofitsterm,whichcoordinatesthegroupsworkandorganizesitsmeetings.TheroleoftheTroikaistoensurecontinuityintheG-20sworkandmanagementacrosshostyears.1999-2001Canada2002India2003Mexico2004Germany2005China2

31、006Australia2007SouthAfrica2008Brazil2009UnitedKingdom2010RepublicofKorea2011FranceInteractionwithotherinternationalorganizationsTheG-20cooperatescloselywithvariousothermajorinternationalorganizationsandfora,asthepotentialtodevelopcommonpositionsoncomplexissuesamongG-20memberscanaddpoliticalmomentum

32、动力todecision-makinginotherbodies.TheparticipationofthePresidentoftheWorldBank,theManagingDirectoroftheIMFandthechairsoftheInternationalMonetaryandFinancialCommitteeandtheDevelopmentCommitteeintheG-20meetingsensuresthattheG-20processiswellintegratedwiththeactivitiesoftheBrettonWoodsInstitutions(1944)

33、.TheG-20alsoworkswith,andencourages,otherinternationalgroupsandorganizations,suchastheFinancialStabilityBoardandtheBaselCommitteeonBankingSupervision,inprogressinginternationalanddomesticeconomicpolicyreforms.Inaddition,expertsfromprivate-sectorinstitutionsandnon-governmentorganizationsareinvitedtoG

34、-20meetingsonanadhocbasisinordertoexploitsynergies协同inanalyzingselectedtopicsandavoidoverlap.EconomicTermsrecessionhousingstartforeigndirectinvestmentFDIcreditcrunchbudgetdeficitcapitalflowshighyieldmacroeconomicpolicyliquiditytradeprotectionGDP=GrossDomesticProductG20includes:VocabularydefinitionLa

35、Fin=Theenddefineinfinite:immeasurablygreatorlarge;boundlessdefinitely:verysimilartodefinitebutasanadjectivefinishillustrationMaterialusedtoclarifyorexplain.Synonyms:exampleillusionillumineplunge:tofallorthrowoneselfintoasubstanceorplaceEg.Thestudentsplungedintotheirexaminations.soarlung,liver,heart,

36、belly,stomach,kidneylunge:tomovewithasuddenthrust.Eg.Amadmanlungedatmewithaknife.pandemic:widespread;general.swine:anyofvariousomnivorous,even-toedungulatesofthefamilySuidae,includingpigs,hogs,andboars,havingastoutbodywiththickskin,ashortneck,andamovablesnout.luxury:somethinginessentialbutconducivet

37、opleasureandcomfort.LUXNIKEROBUSTsummit:thehighestpointorpart;thetop;thehighestlevel,asofgovernmentofficials.MITemitemissiontransmittransmissionlimitlimitationcommitcommissionadmitadmissionpermitpermissionomitomissionsubmitsubmissionvomitmarket:apublicgatheringheldforbuyingandsellingmerchandise.mark

38、etingsupermarket,hypermarketmarketermarket-drivenadj.市场驱动的marketcapitalizationunderwritingstandardunderwritinglimit承保限额bondunderwriting债券包销investmentunderwriting投资担保u/aunderwritingaccount保险账户sound:havingafirmbasis;unshakable;financiallysecureorsafe;basedonvalidreasoning;deepandunbroken;undisturbedco

39、mplex:Inpsychoanalysis,asubconscioussexualdesireinachild,especiallyamalechild,fortheparentoftheoppositesex,usuallyaccompaniedbyhostilitytotheparentofthesamesex.Ifunresolvednaturally,thiscomplexmayresultinneurosisandaninabilitytoformnormalsexualrelationshipsinadulthood.vulnerabilitynuclearvulnerabili

40、ty核生存能力security安全漏洞radiusof伤害半径fatalcasualtiesvulnerabilitynumber致死性伤员数disruptionatomicdisruption原子破裂environmentaldisruption公害,环境失调marketdisruption市场混乱volcaniceruption火山爆发solareruption太阳爆发corruptionabruption分裂,分离access:ameansofapproaching,entering,exiting,ormakinguseof;passageprocessprocessionproces

41、singCPUprocessorsuccessconcession让步recession:Theactofwithdrawingorgoingbackexcess,excessivedeposit:toput(money)inabankorfinancialaccount.posecomposecomposercompositiondecomposeproposeproposalreposedeposepositionPOS=PointsOfSellsATM=AutomaticTellerMachineCDM=CashDepositMachineCDMA=CodeDivisionMultipl

42、eAccessreform:toimprovebyalteration,correctionoferror,orremovalofdefects;putintoabetterformorcondition.formformal,informalplatforminform,informationtransformformulaF1format格式化deformeduniformconform一致perform,performancemaintain:Tokeepinanexistingstate;preserveorretainretain保留detain拘留obtainattainsustaincontainstain污点,瑕疵certaincaptainmountaincurtainentertainsupervisionviewvisitvideovisionvividvisualvitalvitaminvisavivevisevigorvista展望visible,invisibleAssignmentReadthetwosupplementaryreadingsofunitone.Finishexercisesinpage8to9.