翻译的语言对比规律.ppt

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1、Rules of Language Comparisons翻译的语言对比规律翻译的语言对比规律Differences between English and ChineseI.Semantic differencesII.Differences in lexicologyIII.Syntactic differences IV.Differences of mode of thinkingGeneral introductionDifferent language families:English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo

2、-Germanic system(including Europe,Western Asia and India).Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family(including Chinese,Tibetan and Burmese).English is an alphabetic character(拼音文字),Chinese is an ideographic character(表意文字).Different nature of language:English is a comprehensive language.is a co

3、mprehensive language.So-called comprehensive language refers to that So-called comprehensive language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the meaning of the language is expressed by the the change of the form of the word itselfchange of the form of the word itself such as such

4、 as case,number,tense and so on.case,number,tense and so on.Chinese is an analytic language.is an analytic language.So-called analytic language means that the So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the relationship of words is expressed not by the form o

5、f word itself-but by form of word itself-but by empty word empty word,particle,particle and and word orderword order and so on.and so on.Difference of sentence structure:English sentences are well-knit,close and compact In English,nouns,especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used,

6、just like a series of Grapes.Chinese sentences are concise and explicit In Chinese,verbs are widely used,just like a BambooI.Semantic differences1.Full correspondence Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达雷达 New York=纽约纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学天津大

7、学 The U.S.State Department=美国国务院美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean=太平洋太平洋 helicopter=直升飞机直升飞机2.Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence marriage 娶、嫁娶、嫁 sister 姐、妹姐、妹 gun 枪、炮枪、炮 Wife:妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；老婆；president:总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；社长；Morning:早晨、上午早晨、上午 部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对

8、于morning 的翻译：Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 Mid-morning:上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon:下午三、四点3.Non-correspondence or almost non-correspondence Teenager:Teenager:13至19岁的青少年 ClockClockwatcher:watcher:老是看钟等下班的人 Dink=double income no kidsDink=double income no kids 丁克家族 糖葫芦 Tanghulu,a sugar-coat

9、ed fruit on the stick文房四宝 the four treasures of the study(writing brush,inkstick,inkstone and paper)文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Courtesy Month特困生 the most needy students一穷二白 poor and blank乌纱帽 an official post五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains五经 The Five Classics(The Book of Poetry,The Book of History,The B

10、ook of Changes,The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals).Word collocation cut：cut wheat 割麦子割麦子 cut cake 切蛋糕切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲剪指甲wear：He wore dark glasses,and thick jersey,and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。II.Differences in lexicology 古英语：

11、古英语：古英语：古英语：Synthetic languageSynthetic language词与词的关系是靠词本身的词与词的关系是靠词本身的词与词的关系是靠词本身的词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表现的形态变化来表现的形态变化来表现的形态变化来表现的汉语：汉语：汉语：汉语：Analytic,Analytic,nltknltk languagelanguage通过词序或通过词序或通过词序或通过词序或 虚词（助词）等虚词（助词）等虚词（助词）等虚词（助词）等手段来表示的。手段来表示的。手段来表示的。手段来表示的。英语：英语：英语：英语：synthetic+analytic synthetic

12、+analytic languagelanguage通过形态变化包括性、数、通过形态变化包括性、数、通过形态变化包括性、数、通过形态变化包括性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、格、时、体、语态、语气、格、时、体、语态、语气、格、时、体、语态、语气、人称、比较级等来表示的。人称、比较级等来表示的。人称、比较级等来表示的。人称、比较级等来表示的。1.English:Tense;Chinese:Particle 汉语有几类时态助词：汉语有几类时态助词：汉语有几类时态助词：汉语有几类时态助词：（）（）（）（）PreposedPreposed adverbs adverbs 前置的时态副词（过去，前置的时态

13、副词（过去，前置的时态副词（过去，前置的时态副词（过去，曾经，已经，现在，正在，将要）曾经，已经，现在，正在，将要）曾经，已经，现在，正在，将要）曾经，已经，现在，正在，将要）（）（）（）（）tense auxiliary words tense auxiliary words 附着的时态副词（过，附着的时态副词（过，附着的时态副词（过，附着的时态副词（过，着，了，起来）着，了，起来）着，了，起来）着，了，起来）（）（）（）（）postposedpostposed auxiliary words auxiliary words 后置的时态语气词后置的时态语气词后置的时态语气词后置的时态语气词

14、（了，来着）（了，来着）（了，来着）（了，来着）翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义:Mr.SmithMr.Smith used to be an army officer,but he is in used to be an army officer,but he is in prison now.prison now.史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监

15、狱里。史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。2.measure words:Unit words of nounsUnit words of nouns (个，只，份，把，块，张）个，只，份，把，块，张）个，只，份，把，块，张）个，只，份，把，块，张）Unit words of verbs Unit words of verbs（趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）翻译时要作适当增补：翻译时要作适当增补：翻译时要作适当增补：翻译时要作适当增补：一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）一张

16、纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征）一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）3.Modal particle：auxiliary words that indicates moods:emotional particles 语气助词；英语借助语调（intonation)翻译时需要译者加以增补翻译时需要译者加以增补1)declarative mood:的，了，呢，罢了，而已，的，了，呢，罢了，而已，啦啦2）question m

17、ood:吗，吧，啦，啊，么吗，吧，啦，啊，么3）imperative mood:吧，罢，呀，啊，啦吧，罢，呀，啊，啦4.Pronouns She and heShe and he He asks,she replied.He asks,she replied.It,theyIt,they e.g.The first point about chores is that they are e.g.The first point about chores is that they are repetitive.And once done they require after a repetitiv

18、e.And once done they require after a certain time to be done again.certain time to be done again.关于家务事，第一点要说的就是关于家务事，第一点要说的就是关于家务事，第一点要说的就是关于家务事，第一点要说的就是它们它们它们它们的重要性。的重要性。的重要性。的重要性。它它它它们们们们差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得再做再做再做再做。家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有

19、，家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有，家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有，家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。英英语语里的指示代里的指示代词处词处理方法：理方法：1)pronoun equivalent 2)omission3)noun equivalent4)“其,之”5 词词序序 iron and steeliron and steelourselves and the enemyourselves and the enemy

20、fire and waterfire and waterold and new old and new right and leftright and leftsooner or latersooner or laterback and forthback and forthtwos and threestwos and threestables and graphicstables and graphicsIII.Syntactic differences 1 hypotaxis vs parataxis 2 Complex vs Simplex3 End-weight vs Top-hea

21、vy 4 Subject-prominent vs Topic-prominent 5 Static vs Dynamic 6 Sentence order 1.hypotaxis（形合）（形合）in English;parataxis （意合）（意合）in ChineseAs E.A.Nida points out in his“Translating Meaning”,so far as English and Chinese are concerned,the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between

22、 hypotaxis and parataxis.形合（形合（形合（形合（HypotaxisHypotaxis）HypotaxisHypotaxis refers to a construction where refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of constituents have been linked through the use of conjunctionconjunction.英语句子的特点是强调英语句子的特点是强调英语句子的特点是强调英语句子的特点是强调形式

23、形式形式形式和和和和功能功能功能功能，因而英语句法特，因而英语句法特，因而英语句法特，因而英语句法特征是征是征是征是形合形合（hypotaxishypotaxis）.句子成分之间的关系要句子成分之间的关系要句子成分之间的关系要句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明：求用形式标记表明：求用形式标记表明：求用形式标记表明：英语名词的英语名词的英语名词的英语名词的性、数、格性、数、格性、数、格性、数、格;谓语动词的谓语动词的谓语动词的谓语动词的时态时态时态时态、语态语态语态语态;主句与从句之间的主句与从句之间的主句与从句之间的主句与从句之间的关系代词关系代词关系代词关系代词、关系副词关系副词关系副词关

24、系副词和和和和连词连词连词连词等等等等形态和形式词形态和形式词形态和形式词形态和形式词;都行使其语法功能都行使其语法功能都行使其语法功能都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用，将句子各起着纽带作用，将句子各起着纽带作用，将句子各起着纽带作用，将句子各成分衔接在一起。英语语法外成分衔接在一起。英语语法外成分衔接在一起。英语语法外成分衔接在一起。英语语法外显性显性显性显性的表现。的表现。的表现。的表现。意合意合(Parataxis)Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence,or else a sequ

25、ence of sentences,are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations.汉语句子的特征是汉语句子的特征是“以意统形以意统形”，强调强调逻辑关系逻辑关系与与意义关联意义关联(logic and semantic coherence),不在意词语之间和句不在意词语之间和句际之间形态和形式词等的形式连接际之间形态和形式词等的形式连接(formal cohesion)，靠词语与句子本身意义上的连贯靠词语与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连接，汉语语法隐含性的与逻辑顺

26、序而实现的连接，汉语语法隐含性的一种表现（一种表现（covertness)。汉语语法隐含性还表现在汉语语法隐含性还表现在汉语语法隐含性还表现在汉语语法隐含性还表现在:词类无标记词类无标记词类无标记词类无标记动词无时态或语态标记动词无时态或语态标记动词无时态或语态标记动词无时态或语态标记名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化主语和谓语只要求在意义上一致，无需在形式上主语和谓语只要求在意义上一致，无需在形式上主语和谓语只要求在意义上一致，无需在形式上主语和谓语只要求在意义上一致，无需在形式上对应等方面

27、。对应等方面。对应等方面。对应等方面。e.ge.g.If.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？冬天来了，春天还会远吗？冬天来了，春天还会远吗？冬天来了，春天还会远吗？e.g.e.g.He has never been back to Beijing since he He has never been back to Beijing since he left five years ago.left five years ago.离开北京五年了，从未

28、回去过。离开北京五年了，从未回去过。离开北京五年了，从未回去过。离开北京五年了，从未回去过。E.g.I went to dance with a girl who is from Russia and who has a Southern accent.我同一位操南方口音的俄罗斯姑娘跳舞。我同一位操南方口音的俄罗斯姑娘跳舞。E.g.The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。E.g.If you have ne

29、ver tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?不吃苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？不吃苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？2 Complex vs.SimplexThe English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses.The Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure.They are flowing and simple

30、x,with one clause following the other rather in a line.1.The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about,we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树

31、，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的大树，有大象在移动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds.废物入筐，违者罚款废物入筐，违者罚款5磅。磅。3 End-weight vs.Top-heavyIn an English sentence,the shorter elements usually In an English sentence,the

32、 shorter elements usually go before longer ones in arrangement order,thus the go before longer ones in arrangement order,thus the weight of the sentence is put at the end,and the whole weight of the sentence is put at the end,and the whole sentence looks like a sentence looks like a pyramidpyramid.T

33、hat also explain why.That also explain why there are so many inverted sentences in English.there are so many inverted sentences in English.The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite,where the important elements are often the oppos

34、ite,where the important elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence.So it looks like said at the beginning of a sentence.So it looks like an an inverted pyramidinverted pyramid or triangle.or triangle.1.Gone are the days when we Chinese people depended 1.Gone are the days when we Chinese

35、people depended on foreign steel.on foreign steel.中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。2.The time has come when ordinary people can use 2.The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home.electronic computers both in

36、 the office and at home.普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已经到来。已经到来。已经到来。已经到来。3.3.3.3.It is important to study English as well as science It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialist modernization drive.and tec

37、hnology for our socialist modernization drive.学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。4.Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain 4.Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass.with lots of wild an

38、imals among the grass.美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。绵延数英里，展现在眼前。绵延数英里，展现在眼前。绵延数英里，展现在眼前。4.Subject-prominent vs.Topic-prominent In an English sentence,prominence is usually given to the subject.There are five basic sentence patterns in

39、 English:SV,SVC,SVO,SVO1O2,SVOC,all with SV as its essentials.An English sentence is built on the subject-predict-pivot,with the subject and predicate in agreement.A Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion,so it is based on the thought pivot.1.1.1 1到了铁公祠前，到了铁公祠前，到了铁公祠前，到了铁公祠前，2

40、 2朝南一望，只见对面千佛朝南一望，只见对面千佛朝南一望，只见对面千佛朝南一望，只见对面千佛山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，3 3高高高高4 4下相间，红下相间，红下相间，红下相间，红的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，5 5仿佛宋人赵千里的一仿佛宋人赵千里的一仿佛宋人赵千里

41、的一仿佛宋人赵千里的一幅大画，作了一架数十里长的屏风。幅大画，作了一架数十里长的屏风。幅大画，作了一架数十里长的屏风。幅大画，作了一架数十里长的屏风。（刘鹗：（刘鹗：（刘鹗：（刘鹗：老残游记老残游记老残游记老残游记，齐鲁书社，齐鲁书社，齐鲁书社，齐鲁书社，19851985，1414页）页）页）页）WhenWhen hehe reached the temple,reached the temple,hehe looked southwards looked southwards and saw on the other side of the lake the Mount of a and s

42、aw on the other side of the lake the Mount of a Thousand Buddha.There were temples and Thousand Buddha.There were temples and monasteries,monasteries,some some high and high and some some low,scattered among low,scattered among the the greyedgreyed pines and green cypresses:the red were as pines and

43、 green cypresses:the red were as red as fire,the white as white as snow,the blue as blue red as fire,the white as white as snow,the blue as blue as indigo and the green as green as emerald,while here as indigo and the green as green as emerald,while here and there were a few red maples.and there wer

44、e a few red maples.It It looked like a big looked like a big painting by Zhao painting by Zhao QianliQianli,the Song-dynasty painter,only,the Song-dynasty painter,only made into a screen a dozen miles long.made into a screen a dozen miles long.(from The Travels of Lao Can,tr.By Yang(from The Travels

45、 of Lao Can,tr.By Yang HsienyiHsienyi and Gladys Yang,and Gladys Yang,Panda Books,1983,p24-25)Panda Books,1983,p24-25)2.You dont grow the grain you eat and you dont make the clothes you wear.你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。不是你自己做的。R5.Static vs.DynamicEnglish tends to use less verbs tha

46、n Chinese.In a simple English sentence or in an English clause,only one verb is used as the predicate of the sentence or clause.In a Chinese sentence,a number of verbs can be used as its predicate at the same time.so we may say that the English is“static”.while the Chinese is rather“dynamic”1.A mast

47、ery of Chinese and English is essential for E-C or C-E translation.做英汉做英汉/汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。2.Engineering design is a decision-making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human need.工程设计是为发展人类所需工程而作决定的过程。工程设计是为发展人类所需工程而作决定的过程。3.A few steps will bring you t

48、o the laboratory building.再走几步就到实验大楼了。再走几步就到实验大楼了。4.Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years,because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适用于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动用于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。一时的科学成就之一。

49、6.Sentence order(1)inversion(2)attributives(3)adverbials(4)negation(1)Inverted sentence英语的倒装句，用汉语的正常英语的倒装句，用汉语的正常“主谓主谓”结构结构 e.g.Feminist fell that it is an invasion of their e.g.Feminist fell that it is an invasion of their privacy privacy to be obliged to indicate via the title to be obliged to ind

50、icate via the title“Mrs.”or“Miss”whether or not they are married.“Mrs.”or“Miss”whether or not they are married.女权运动者们认为，女权运动者们认为，女权运动者们认为，女权运动者们认为，必须用必须用必须用必须用“太太太太太太太太”或或或或“小小小小姐姐姐姐”的称呼来表明她们已婚或未婚，这种做法的称呼来表明她们已婚或未婚，这种做法的称呼来表明她们已婚或未婚，这种做法的称呼来表明她们已婚或未婚，这种做法是是是是对她们私事的干涉。对她们私事的干涉。对她们私事的干涉。对她们私事的干涉。e.g.H