(学习化学所需要的基本资料).ppt

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1、 EssentialMaterialsinStudyingChemistry(學習化學所需要的基本資料)Microscopic Interpretation(微觀詮釋)Symbolic Representation(符號的表示)Language of Chemistry e.g Elements(元素)Macroscopic Observation(宏觀觀察)CopperorCuAtom(原子)Materials to be remembered需要記得的質料nNames and Symbols of 36 common elementsnClassification of elements

2、into metal and non-metal(and semi-metal)nColour of ionsnFormula of Common ionsnOrder of reactivity of metalsnCommon Oxidizing and Reducing agentsnColour of insoluble metal hydroxidesnSolubility of ionic compoundsNames(名稱)and symbols(符號)of 36 common elements1.氫7.氮13.鋁19.鉀28.鎳53.碘2.氦8.氧14.矽20.鈣29.銅74.

3、鎢3.鋰9.氟15.磷24.鉻30.鋅78.鉑4.鈹10.氖16.硫磺 25.錳35.溴79.金5.硼11.鈉17.氯26.鐵47.銀80.汞6.碳12.鎂18.氬27.鈷50.錫82.鉛Names(名稱)and symbols(符號)of 36 common elements1.Hydrogen10.Neon19.Potassium35.Bromine2.Helium11.Sodium20.Calcium47.Silver3.Lithium12.Magnesium24.Chromium50.Tin4.Beryllium13.Aluminium25.Manganese53.Iodine5.Bo

4、ron14.Silicon26.Iron74.Tungsten6.Carbon15.Phosphorus27.Cobalt78.Platinum7.Nitrogen16.Sulphur28.Nickel79.Gold8.Oxygen17.Chlorine29.Copper80.Mercury9.Fluorine18.Argon30.Zinc82.LeadNames(名稱)and symbols(符號)of 36 common elements1.H10.Ne19.K35.Br2.He11.Na20.Ca47.Ag3.Li12.Mg24.Cr50.Sn4.Be13.Al25.Mn53.I5.B1

5、4.Si26.Fe74.W6.C15.P27.Co78.Pt7.N16.S28.Ni79.Au8.O17.Cl29.Cu80.Hg9.F18.Ar30.Zn82.PbClassification of elements into metal and non-metal(and semi-metal)nMetal and non-metal elements form IONIC COMPOUNDSnNon-metal and non-metal elements form COVALENT COMPOUNDSnMetal and Metal elements form a mixture ca

6、lled alloy(合金).Names(名稱)and symbols(符號)of 36 common elements1.Hydrogen10.Neon19.Potassium35.Bromine2.Helium11.Sodium20.Calcium47.Silver3.Lithium12.Magnesium24.Chromium50.Tin4.Beryllium13.Aluminium25.Manganese53.Iodine5.Boron14.Silicon26.Iron74.Tungsten6.Carbon15.Phosphorus27.Cobalt78.Platinum7.Nitro

7、gen16.Sulphur28.Nickel79.Gold8.Oxygen17.Chlorine29.Copper80.Mercury9.Fluorine18.Argon30.Zinc82.LeadPositions of the first 20 ElementsPositions of the first 20 ElementsMnemonicnHe Lies Because Boron CanNot Oxidize Fluorine.nNew Nations Might Also Sign Peace and Security Clauses.Colour of Aqueous Ions

8、Aqueouscopper(II)ion,Cu2+(aq)Aqueouschromium(III)ion,Cr3+(aq)Aqueousiron(II)ion,Fe2+(aq)Aqueousdichromateion,Cr2O72-(aq)Aqueousiron(III)ion,Fe3+(aq)Aqueouspermanganateion,MnO4-(aq)Colour of Aqueous IonsAqueouscopper(II)ion,Cu2+(aq)BlueAqueouschromium(III)ion,Cr3+(aq)DeepGreenAqueousiron(II)ion,Fe2+(

9、aq)GreenAqueousdichromateion,Cr2O72-(aq)OrangeAqueousiron(III)ion,Fe3+(aq)YellowAqueouspermanganateion,MnO4-(aq)PurpleColour of Aqueous IonsCopper(II)ion,Cu2+(aq)Chromium(III)ion,Cr3+(aq)Iron(II)ion,Fe2+(aq)Chromateion,CrO42-(aq)Iron(III)ion,Fe3+(aq)Dichromateion,Cr2O72-(aq)Cobalt(II)ion,Co2+(aq)Man

10、ganese(II)ion,Mn2+(aq)Nickel(II)ion,Ni2+(aq)Permanganateion,MnO4-(aq)Colour of Aqueous IonsCopper(II)ion,Cu2+(aq)blueblueChromium(III)ion,Cr3+(aq)deepgreenIron(II)ion,Fe2+(aq)greengreenChromateion,CrO42-(aq)yellowyellowIron(III)ion,Fe3+(aq)yellowyellowDichromateion,Cr2O72-(aq)orangeorangeCobalt(II)i

11、on,Co2+(aq)pinkpinkManganese(II)ion,Mn2+(aq)verypalepink/colourlessNickel(II)ion,Ni2+(aq)deepgreenPermanganateion,MnO4-(aq)deeppurpleColour of insoluble metal hydroxidesFormula of Common ionsSimple Cation(+ve)H+hydrogen ion Cu2+copper(II)ionSimple Anion(-ve)H-hydride ion S2-sulphide ion N3-nitride i

12、onPolyatomic Cation(+ve)NH4+ammonium ionPolyatomic Anion(-ve)SO32-sulphite ion SO42-sulphate ion NO2-nitrite ion NO3-nitrate ionFormulae of 10 Basic Polyatomic IonsPolyatomiccationsPolyatomicanionsammoniumionOHhydroxideionCNcyanideionnitrateionpermanganateionClO3chlorateionSO42sulphateionCO32carbona

13、teionCr2O72dichromateionphosphateion Formulae of 10 Basic Polyatomic IonsPolyatomiccationsPolyatomicanionsNH4+ammoniumionOHhydroxideionCNcyanideionNO3nitrateionMnO4-permanganateionClO3chlorateionSO42sulphateionCO32carbonateionCr2O72dichromateionPO43phosphateion MeaningofsomeprefixesandsuffixesExampl

14、edi-twodichromateion,Cr2O72-thio-replaceOatombySatomthiosulphateion,S2O32-hydrogen-H+ionhydrogencarbonateion,HCO3-Naming of ionsNaming of oxygen containing anionOxygencontainingcompoundsExampleper-ateOcontaining-evenmoreOperchlorateion,ClO4-ateOcontaining-moreOchlorateion,ClO3-iteOcontaining-lessOch

15、loriteion,ClO2-hypo-iteOcontaining-evenlessOhypochloriteion,ClO-Names of acidsnSulphate ion SO42-Sulphuric acid H2SO4nSulphite ion SO32-Sulphurous acid H2SO3nNitrate ion NO3-Nitric acid HNO3nNitrite ion NO2-Nitrous acid HNO2Order of reactivity(活潑性)of metalsNaKCaMgAlZnFePbCuAgAuHgReactivity Series of

16、 MetalsCommon Strong Oxidizing Agents1.Aqueous permanganate ion in acidic medium(Oxidizing agent)MnO4-(aq)(Purple)Mn2+(aq)(Colourless)2.Aqueous dichromate ion in acidic medium(Oxidizing agent)Cr2O72-(aq)(Orange)Cr3+(aq)(Green)3.Chlorine gas(Oxidizing agent)Cl2(g)(Yellowish Green)Cl-(aq)(Colourless)4

17、.Aqueous bromine solution(Oxidizing agent)Br2(aq)(Orange)Br-(aq)(Colourless)5.Concentrated sulphuric acid(Oxidizing agent)H2SO4(l)(Colourless)SO2(g)(Colourless)or SO42-(aq)(Colourless)6.Aqueous nitrate ion in dilute nitric acid(Oxidizing agent)NO3-(aq)(Colourless)NO(g)(Colourless)7.Aqueous nitrate i

18、on in conc.nitric acid(Oxidizing agent)NO3-(aq)(Colourless)NO2(g)(Brown)8.Aqueous silver ion(Oxidizing agent)Ag+(aq)(Colourless)Ag(s)(Grey)9.Oxygen gas(Oxidizing agent)O2(g)(Colourless)OH-(aq)(Colourless)or O2-Common Strong Reducing Agents1.Magnesium metal(Reducing agent)Mg(s)(Silvery)Mg2+(aq)(Colou

19、rless)2.Carbon(Reducing agent)C(s)(Black)CO2(g)(Colourless)or CO(g)(Colourless)3.Aqueous iodide ion(Reducing agent)I-(aq)(Colourless)I2(aq)(Brown)4.Hydrogen gas(Reducing agent)H2(g)(Colourless)H+(aq)(Colourless)5.Aqueous sulphite ion(Reducing agent)SO32-(aq)(Colourless)SO42-(aq)(Colourless)6.Sulphur

20、 dioxide gas(Reducing agent)SO2(g)(Colourless)SO42-(aq)(Colourless)7.Aqueous iron(II)ion(Reducing agent)Fe2+(aq)(Green)Fe3+(aq)(Yellow)Solubility of Ionic CompoundsSolubleInsoluble1.allnitratesalts2.allammoniumsalts3.allhydrogencarbonates4.allsaltsofgroupImetals5.allhalides,exceptlead(II)halideandsi

21、lverhalide6.allsulphates,exceptlead(II)sulphate,bariumsulphateandcalciumsulphate7.potassium,sodiumandammoniumcarbonateallothercarbonates8.sulphideofGroupIandIImetalsallothersulphides9.potassiumandsodiumhydroxideallothercommonmetalhydroxides10.potassiumandsodiumoxideallotheroxides5 Types of ReactionI

22、.Redox ReactionII.Acid-base ReactionIII.Precipitation ReactionIV.Displacement ReactionV.Organic ReactionSummary of experimental result Word EquationnMetal+Water nAcid+Base nAcid+Metal carbonate Which of the following solutions will give a precipitate upon mixing?BaCl2(aq)+NaNO3(aq)MgCl2(aq)+K2CO3(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq)+NaCl(aq)KOH(aq)+CuSO4(aq)H2SO4(aq)+Ca(OH)2(aq)KHCO3(aq)+FeCl3(aq)CuCl2(aq)+FeSO4(aq)Pb(NO3)2(aq)+H2SO4(aq)NH4Cl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)Ca(NO3)2(aq)+K2SO4(aq)