国际经济学英文ppt课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 5Economies of Scale,Imperfect Competition,and International TradeNew International Trade TheoryComplementary Theories for H-O TheorynEconomies of ScalenImperfect CompetitionnDifferences in Dynamic Changes in Technology among NationsnTransportation Costs and Environmental Standards Practical

2、Basis of Todays International TradeNew International Trade Theory2Chapter 5OutlinenH-O Model and New Trade TheoriesnEconomies of Scale and International TradenImperfect Competition and International TradenTrade Based on Dynamic Technological DifferencesnCosts of Transportation,Environmental Standard

3、s and International Trade3Chapter 5 5.1 The H-O Model and New Trade Theories1.There are two nations(Nation 1 and 2),two commodities(commodity X and Y),and two factors of production(labor and capital).2.Both nations use the same technology in production.Relaxing assumptions of H-O model and NTT Techn

4、ology gap and product cycle model4Chapter 5Relaxing Assumptions3.Commodity X is labor intensive and commodity Y is capital intensive in both nations.4.Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations.No factor-intensity reversalEconomies of scale and international trade

5、5Chapter 5Relaxing Assumptions5.There is incomplete specialization in production in both nations.6.Tastes are equal in both nations.7.There is perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets in both nations.The theory of intra-industry trade6Chapter 5Relaxing Assumptions8.There is perfect

6、 factor mobility within each nation(Internal factor mobility)but no international factor mobility.9.There are no transportation costs,tariffs,or other obstructions to the free flow of international trade.Only modify H-O theory (reduce the volume and benefits of international trade)7Chapter 5Relaxing

7、 Assumptions10.All resources are fully employed in both nations.11.International trade between the two nations is balanced.If unutilized the H-O theory could incorrectly predict the pattern of trade8Chapter 5ConclusionsnRelaxing most assumptions only modifies but does not invalidate the H-O theorynI

8、nternational trade that H-O theory leaves unexplained calls for new theories9Chapter 55.2 Economies of Scale and International TradenDefinition Increasing Returns to ScalenIllustrationnFurther ExplanationsnExternal Economies10Chapter 55.2.1 DefinitionnIncreasing Returns to Scale refers to the produc

9、tion situation where output grows proportionately more than the increase in inputs or factors of production.Economies of Scale nIf all inputs are doubled,output is more than doubled.Why?11Chapter 5Explanation for Economies of ScaleAt a larger scale of operationEach worker can specialize in performin

10、g a simple repetitive taskIntroduction of more specialized and productive machinery Whats the figure of production frontier?Convex from the origin12Chapter 5 FIGURE 5-1 Mutually Beneficial Trade Based on Economies of Scale.5.2.2 Illustration(P169)Assumption:two nations are identical in every respect

11、 A :Equilibrium point in both nations in Autarky PA:No-trade equilibrium-relative commodity price in both nations B and B :Points of complete specialization in nation 1 and nation 2 E:Point of final consumption in both nations(Both gain 20X and 20 Y)60X 60Y(same supply and demand)13Chapter 55.2.3 Fu

12、rther ExplanationnThe Pattern of specialization is not absolute and may result from historical accidentnWith economies of scale the two nations need not be identical in every respectnIf economies of scale persist over a sufficiently long range of outputs,monopoly or oligopoly will occurnInternationa

13、l Economies of Scale See Case Study 6-1(P170)14Chapter 5Key TermsnMonopolynOligopoly A single producer of a commodity for which there is no substitute A few producer of a homogeneous or differentiated product15Chapter 55.2.4 External EconomiesnExternal Economies refer to the reduction in each firms

14、average costs of production as the entire industry output expandsnEconomies of Scale refer to the reduction in the average costs of production as the firms output expands A Different Term from Economies of Scale16Chapter 5Hypothesis about Economies of Scale nS.B.Linder An Essay on Trade and Transfor

15、mation(1961)n Opinions of Preference Similarity or Overlapping Demands Hypothesis A nation should export those manufactured products for which a large domestic market exists and import those products that appeal to its low-and high-income minorities.nConclusion Trade in manufactures is likely to be

16、largest among countries with similar tastes and income levels.17Chapter 55.3 Imperfect Competition and International TradenTrade Based on Product DifferentiationnMeasuring Intra-Industry TradenFormal Model of Intra-Industry TradenAnother Version of the Model18Chapter 55.3.1 Trade Based on Product Di

17、fferentiation Intra-Industry tradeHomogeneous Products Differentiated ProductsInter-Industry trade See Case Study 6-2(P172)Take advantage of economies of scale in production to keep unit costs low and benefit consumers with more choicesIntra-industry trade model19Chapter 5Interesting Considerations

18、1.Comparing with the H-O TheoryThe H-O theory predict that trade based on comparative advantage is likely to be larger when the difference in factor endowments among nations greaterIntra-industry trade is likely to be larger among industrial economies of similar size and factor proportions.Differenc

19、e 1:Basis for Trade20Chapter 5Interesting Considerations 1.Comparing with the H-O TheoryThe H-O model predicts that inter-industry trade will lower the return of the nations scarce factorWith intra-industry trade based on economies of scale it is possible for all factors to gainDifference 2:Gains fr

20、om TradeDifferent Attitude of Interest Groups21Chapter 5Interesting Considerations 1.Comparing with the H-O TheoryIntra-industry trade is related to the sharp increase in international trade in parts or components of a productIt utilizes each nations comparative advantage to minimize total costsRela

21、tionThe intra-industry trade model is an extension of the basis H-O model to modern production conditions22Chapter 5Interesting Considerations 2.About Relative Commodity PricesWith differentiated products produced under economies of scale,pre-trade-relative commodity prices may no longer accurately

22、predict the pattern of trade.Large Country&Small Country23Chapter 5ConclusionsnThe comparative advantage determines the pattern of inter-industry trade,while economies of scale in differentiated products give rise to intra-industry tradenA great deal of intra-industry trade is in fact consistent wit

23、h trade based on differences in factor endowments and comparative costsnInter-industry trade reflects natural comparative advantage while inter-industry trade reflects acquired comparative advantage24Chapter 55.3.2 Measuring Intra-Industry TradenT=1 (0，1)X:The value of exports of a particular indust

24、ry or commodity group M:The value of imports of a particular industry or commodity groupIntra-Industry trade IndexXMXMT=0 when there is no intra-industry tradeT=1 when the exports and imports of a good are equal (intra-industry trade is maximum)See Case Study 6-3(P175)How to define the industry?25Ch

25、apter 55.3.3 Formal Model of Intra-Industry TradenWith Intra-Industry Trade Differentiated Products Economies of ScaleMonopolistic Competition Production and pricing under monopolistic competitionModelMarket Organization26Chapter 5Definition Monopolistic Competitionn A form of market organization wh

26、ere there are many firms selling a differentiated product and entry into or exit from the industry is easy27Chapter 5FIGURE 5-2 Production and Pricing Under Monopolistic Competition.(Fairly Elastic)AC is downward sloping because of the economies of scaleThe firm reachs the best level of output where

27、 MR=MCThe firm breaks even at point A See P17628Chapter 5 Conclusions Relationship between the two patterns of tradenWhen products are homogeneous,we have only inter-industry tradenWhen products are differentiated,we have both inter-and intra-industry tradenThe more similar nations are in factors en

28、dowments and technology,the smaller is the importance of inter-relative to intra-industry trade29Chapter 55.3.4 Another Version of the Model P177FIGURE 5-3 Monopolistic Competition and Intra-Industry Trade.Negative relationship between N and P because of competitionPositive relationship between N an

29、d AC for a given level of industry outputE:Long-run equilibrium point where each firm breaks even in Autarky E:New long-run equilibrium point with international tradeAfter Trade(economies of Scale)30Chapter 55.4 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences Dynamic Extension of H-O ModelnTechnolo

30、gical Gap ModelnProduct Cycle ModelnIllustration31Chapter 5Technological Gap Model M.V Posner (1961)n Opinion A great deal of the trade among industrialized countries is based on the introduction of new products and new production processes.These give the innovating firm and nation a temporary monop

31、oly in the world market that is often based on patents and copyrights,which are granted to stimulate the flow of inventions.n Shortcomings No explanation of the size and the reason of the gaps,and how they are eliminated over time Emphasize the time lag in the imitation process32Chapter 5Product cyc

32、le mode Vernon(1966)n When a new product is introduced,it usually requires highly skilled labor to producen As the product matures and acquires mass acceptance,it becomes standardized and can then be produced by mass production techniques and less skilled laborn Comparative advantage in the product

33、shifts from the advanced nation that originally introduced it to less advanced nations,where labor is relatively cheapern This may be accompanied by foreign direct investments from the innovating nation to nations with cheaper labor.33Chapter 5Conclusions for Product Cycle ModelnEmphasize the standa

34、rdization processnThe most highly industrialized economies are expected to export non-standardized products embodying new and more advanced technologies and import products embodying old or less advanced technologies.nIt explains dynamic comparative advantage for new products and new production proc

35、esses.34Chapter 5 Illustration of the product Cycle ModelFIGURE 5-4 The Product Cycle Model.New-product phaseProduct-growth phaseProduct-maturity phase(Brand Competition)Product-decline phase(Price Competition)Case Study 6-4(P182)35Chapter 55.5 Costs of Transportation,Environmental Standards and Int

36、ernational TradenTransportation CostsnEnvironmental Standards Definition,Effect on Industry Location and International trade36Chapter 55.5.1 Transportation Costs nDefinition Transportation Costs include all the costs of transferring goods from one location(nation)to anotherFreight chargesCosts of lo

37、ading and unloadingWarehousing costsInsurance premiumsInterest charges while goods are in transit Non-traded Goods and Services Transport costs exceed price differences across nationsCase Study 6-5(P184)37Chapter 5FIGURE 6-5 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Transport Costs.E:Equilibrium point for bot

38、h nations in Autarky In absence of transport costs:PX=$8 in both nations,60X are traded With transport costs of$2 per unit:PX1=$7,PX2=$9,40X are tradedIllustration P18538Chapter 5Transportation costs and the Location of Industry nResource-oriented industries:tend to locate near the source of the raw

39、 materials used by the industry Involving substantial weight losses in processingnMarket-oriented industries:locate near the markets for the products of the industry.Involving substantial weight gains in processingnFootloose industries:tend to have high value-to-weight ratios and to be highly mobile

40、 or footloose.Involving neither substantial weight gains nor losses in processing39Chapter 55.5.2 Environmental Standards nEnvironmental Standards refer to the levels of air pollution,water pollution,thermal pollution,and pollutions resulting from garbage disposal that a nation allows.n Environmenta

41、l Pollution is not fully reflected as social environmental costs in production A nation with lower environmental standards can use the environment as a resource endowment or a factor of production in attracting polluting firms and achieving a comparative advantage in polluting goods and services.40Chapter 5How to deal with the contradiction between environment and development?Sustainable DevelopmentCase Study 6-7(P188)41Chapter 5ProblemsnP190nProblem 4,6,10,1442Chapter 5