新编汉英翻译教程第三章.ppt
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1、第 3 章词语的翻译词语的翻译3.1词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定3.1.1 指称意义与蕴涵意义的理解与表达指称意义与蕴涵意义的理解与表达指称意义是词的确切和字面的意义,原语的指称意义多数能在译语中得到基本对等的表达.例如汉语中的月亮和英语中的moon都反映 了相同的客观事物,其指称意义完全对等.两种语言的可译性正是由指称意义的基本对等决定的词语的指称意义往往具有多重性词语的指称意义往往具有多重性,即一个词语具有几即一个词语具有几种不同的指称意义种不同的指称意义.例如:“包袱”一词既可以指用布包起来起来的包儿,又可以指相声等曲艺节目中的笑料.词语的搭配关系词语的搭配关
2、系-辨析词语多重义项的依据辨析词语多重义项的依据,也是翻也是翻译中理解词义的重要手段。译中理解词义的重要手段。例如:英军胜利地登上了小岛.a.The British army climbed onto the island successfully.b.The British army landed on the island successfully.“登”一词既有“爬,攀登”之意,又可理解为“登陆”从本句的上下文看,登这一动作的施动者是军队,对象是小岛而非高山,“登上”意为登陆上岸,应译作land on,而非climb onto例如:他是是我父亲He is my father.这姑娘是是漂
3、亮 This girl is really beautiful.此人是是书就读 This man reads every book he can reach.是是可忍,孰不可忍?If this can be tolerated,what can not?是是古非今 praise the past to condemn the present例如:知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也When you know a thing,to hold that you know it,and when you do not know a thing,to allow that you do not know i
4、tthis is knowledge.(James Legge译)前四个前四个“知知”为为“知道知道”的意思,最后一个为的意思,最后一个为“学识修养学识修养”例如:他对事情的进展情况也还满意He is quite satisfied with the way things went.“也也”在句中是表示程度的副词,不可做在句中是表示程度的副词,不可做“同样同样”解,不应译解,不应译为为also或或as well.3.1.2 蕴涵意义的理解与表达蕴涵意义的理解与表达 蕴涵意义指词语内含的情感与联想意义,是词语蕴涵意义指词语内含的情感与联想意义,是词语的隐含意义,反映特有的思维方式和社会文化。的隐
5、含意义,反映特有的思维方式和社会文化。同一词语的蕴涵意义是不同的。同一词语的蕴涵意义是不同的。例如:月亮与月球的指称意义相同,但月亮在汉语语言文例如:月亮与月球的指称意义相同,但月亮在汉语语言文化中又被赋予了团圆化中又被赋予了团圆,爱情爱情,故乡等含义故乡等含义.moon与月亮指称意义相同与月亮指称意义相同,但对英美人士但对英美人士,月亮使他月亮使他们联想到反复无常的性格们联想到反复无常的性格,阴森的气氛阴森的气氛,甚至是在月圆之夜甚至是在月圆之夜现身的狼人现身的狼人.因此因此,译者应在深谙两种语言和文化的基础上尽译者应在深谙两种语言和文化的基础上尽可能忠实地再现原文的蕴涵意义可能忠实地再现原
6、文的蕴涵意义,真正做到达意传真正做到达意传神神.词语的蕴涵意义主要体现在词语的修辞色彩词语的蕴涵意义主要体现在词语的修辞色彩,文体特征文体特征,文化内涵等方面文化内涵等方面.修辞色彩集中体现在汉语的国俗词语中修辞色彩集中体现在汉语的国俗词语中,如俗如俗语语,成语成语,歇后语等歇后语等.翻译时翻译时,应尽可能反映原文的应尽可能反映原文的独特的文化信息和审美价值独特的文化信息和审美价值.例如例如:a:他是个他是个纸老虎纸老虎.He is a paper tiger.b:咱俩的事咱俩的事,一条绳拴着两只蚂蚱一条绳拴着两只蚂蚱谁也跑不了谁也跑不了!We are like two grasshopper
7、s tied to one cord,neither can get away!c 只因生得妩媚风流只因生得妩媚风流,满学中都送了两个外号满学中都送了两个外号:一个一个叫叫“香怜香怜”,一个叫一个叫“玉爱玉爱”.But on account of their good looks and charm they were nicknamed Sweetie and Lovely.because of their glamorous looks and effected manners,were universally know by the nickname of Darling and Pre
8、cious.词语的蕴涵意义还体现为词语的文体特征,两个指称词语的蕴涵意义还体现为词语的文体特征,两个指称意义相同的词在文体上常有庄谐、雅俗之分意义相同的词在文体上常有庄谐、雅俗之分.例如例如:a:红楼梦中称呼红楼梦中称呼“某某夫人某某夫人”和和“某某家的某某家的”,指指称意义相同称意义相同,文体特征却大有不同文体特征却大有不同.所以所以“夫人夫人”应译应译为为“Lady”,而而“某某家的某某家的”应译为应译为“s Wife”.b:克明克明:觉新哪觉新哪,你听着你听着!Keming:Juexin,I want you to pay particular attention to this.Kem
9、ing:Listen,Juexin.汉语中的颜色词,叠词,数词等词汇往往具有丰富的蕴涵意义.颜色词:联想意义,象征意义,感情色彩(除指称意思外)例如:a:客人一走进大门,扑鼻的是一阵幽香,入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵.As guests entered the gate,they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.b:晚霞如同一片赤红的落叶坠到铺着黄尘黄尘的地上,斜阳之下的山冈变成了暗紫暗紫,
10、好象是云海中的礁石.The evening glow there is like a patch of red leaves fallen on the ground covered with golden dust.Under the sloping sunrays the hills became dark brown,as if they were rocks among a sea of clouds.(redscarlet=vivid red or reddish orange)叠词:信息功能,表情功能,美感功能.例如:a:水是怎样的开心呵,她将那可怜的失路的小红叶儿,推推挤挤推推挤
11、挤地推到一个旋涡里,是他滴滴溜溜滴滴溜溜的打圆转儿;那叶向前不得,向后不得,急得几乎哭出来;水笑嘻嘻笑嘻嘻的将手一松,他才一溜烟的逃走了.How happy the water is!At first she pushes and elbows the pitiful misled maple leaf into a water whirl,make it rapidly swirl in circle.There the leave can neither move forward nor backward.Being too worried,it nearly bursts out cry
12、ing.It is only when the water loses her grip grinningly that the little maple leaf gets swiftly away.b:最耐人寻味的是求日天宇的闲云.那么淡淡然淡淡然,悠悠然悠悠然,悄悄 悄悄远离尘间,对俗世悲欢扰攘,不再有动于衷.它把一切的赞美与宠爱都隔离在澹澹澹澹的秋光外,而只愿做一个闲闲闲闲的,远远远远的,可望而不可及的,秋。The thing which gives man most food for thought is the leisure in autumn clouds.As they dr
13、ift away from the human world,they are so pale,so calm and silent,so indifferent to the worldly sadness and happy outcriesIt sets all the praise and love outside its own pale sense and is willing to be in peacefulness and quietness,which can neither be held nor possessedAutumn.数词:指称意义,蕴涵意义例如:a:三十六家花
14、酒店,七十二座管弦楼。the countless taverns and music halls.它用竹子做骨架,金字屋顶上,覆盖着蓑衣或松树皮,临河四周临河四周也是松树皮编成的女墙,可凭栏品茗,八面来八面来风风,即便三伏天三伏天,这茶居也是一片清凉的世界。b:It is built with bamboo as the frame.its A-typed roof is covered with straw or pine bark and all the three sides near the river are parapet walls woven with the pine bar
15、k.Here you can sip tea with the pleasant breeze from all directions.Even in the hottest days of the year,the tea stall is still a place for refreshment.3.2 词语的翻译与语言语境3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词义搭配(collocation)指的是语言系统内各个语言成分的同现和组合,是语言语境重要组成部分.根据词语的搭配关系确定词义是在翻译的理解阶段辨析词义时经常采用的手段.词语与其所处的语言环境中其他语言成分的搭配关系能帮助我们辨析多义词
16、的义项.例如:a:“红包”一词,过年,婚庆,生日等场合所送的红包指的是“礼金”,应译做gift money;单位在节假日发的红包指的是“奖金”,应译做bonus;而行贿时所送的现金也称做红包,这时应用bribe.b:路上浮尘早已刮净,剩下一条洁白洁白的大道来,车夫也跑得更快.By now the loose dust had all been blown away,leaving the roadway clean,and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.c:据传说,五十年代中期,渠边那庄子有一个黄花闺女,为了抗拒父母包办的婚姻,大白天就跑过斗渠到这屋里
17、来上吊.这是个上吊的好地方好地方,屋顶上没有顶棚,弯完扭扭的木头椽子露在外面,随便哪根椽子都可以搭上绳子.As a story goes in the mid 1950s there lived a hamlet over the other side of the gully a maiden who was in the protest against her parents dictatorially arranged marriage escaped in broad daylight across the gully,slipped into the hutand hanged he
18、rself!There was no ceiling,only crooked,bare rafters overhead,conveniently accessible for a rope to hang from.A most suitable place,indeed,for such a purpose.d:我在学校读书的时候,有所谓“强迫强迫运动”,我踢破过几双球鞋,打断过几只球拍.因此侥幸维持下来最低限度的体力.In my school days,in response to the so-called“compulsory physical exercises”,I went
19、in for many sports at the expense of many pairs of sneakers and rackets,thus luckily building up a minimum of good physique.此处的“强迫”一词不能译为forced.3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词近义词的细微差别给语言的正确使用造成了不小的麻烦,在翻译的表达阶段,译者要根据译语的语言语境来调整自己的表达方式,使译文用词符合译语的规范。用词地道,搭配得当,这需要处处留心,日积月累,培养良好的英语语感,逐步提高自己的英语水平。Peter Newmark(1981:180)
20、指出,用外语写作或翻译最容易出错的地方不是语法、词汇,而是搭配。A 身体好,学习好,工作好。Keep fit,study well and word hard.此句中的“好”不能统统译为good或well,而应根据keep,study和work这三个动词在英语中地道的搭配关系来选词。B 阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫!”Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”C“三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮”,这就是说,群众有伟大的创造力。The old saying,“Three cobblers with
21、their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind,”simply means the masses have great creative power.D 贾珍感谢不尽,说:“侍服满,亲带小犬到府叩谢。”于是作别。Chia Chen thanked him warmly and promised,“When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to your honourable mansion to kowtow his thanks.”And so th
22、ey parted.汉语中的简单词汇,如说、笑、看,在英译中需要注意。以上三例中的说分别表示咒骂,解释和允诺,不能都译为say,而应在译文各自的语言环境选择恰当的表达方法。E 鲁贵:他妈的!(兴奋地问着)你们想,你们哪一个对得起我?(向四凤同大海)你们哪一个不是我辛苦养大的?可是你们哪一件事做的对得起我?(对大海)你说?(对四凤)你说?(对侍萍)你也说说,这都是你的好孩子啊?我跟你们一块饿着等死。你们想想,你们是哪一件事情对得起我?(对大海)我要是饿死,你是哪一点对得起我?我问问你,我要是这样死了?Lu Gui:God almighty!(Heatedly)Just look at you.T
23、here is not one of you who can look me in the face!Ive worked my fingers to the bone to bring you two up,both of you,but what have either of you ever done to show your gratitude?(To Ta-Hai)Eh?(To Si-Feng)Answer me that!(To Lu-Ma)Or perhaps you can tell me saying that they are your precious children?
24、Ive just got to stay here and starve to death with you!Now just ask yourselves:what have you ever done for me that you can be proud of?If I did die,youd have it on your conscience,now wouldnt you?Eh,if I did die like this?汉语的重复现象比英语多。当作者有意使用重复手段时,便形成一种修辞,称为“反复”。“反复”可以加强语气。此例中鲁贵一口气说了四个“对得起我”,表达了强烈的感情
25、。英美人倾向以变化的方式表达同一概念的习惯,在充分领会它们之间的细微差别的前提下,译者用不同的译法传达出鲁贵不同的强调重点。出于同样的考虑,译者还将三个你说用不同的句式灵活地予以处理,充分表现了鲁贵在面对儿子,女儿和妻子时在态度,情感和语气上的细微差别。3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义 语言和思维都具有模糊的特点,因此歧义现象在语言中普遍存在。歧义往往来源于词语本身的多义性以及语境中各语言成分之间不同搭配关系所带来的变化。口语中人们可以根据句子的重音,断句以及说话人的手势、表情来判断语句的意义。书面语中,消除歧义主要依靠对语言环境(即上下文)进行详尽的分析。A 庵和春天时节一样静,白的墙和漆黑
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