英汉翻译之增词法课件.ppt

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1、Amplification 增词法增词法教学内容：教学内容：1.1.适当增添的必要性适当增添的必要性 2.2.增词法在英汉翻译中的运用增词法在英汉翻译中的运用Warming-up ActivityvRead the passage“Two Bills”and discuss in groups how to translate the underlined sentences.Two BillsWhen Bill Clinton and Bill Gates played golf on Marthas Vineyard a few years ago,they didnt click.The

2、 President gave Gates a heavy dose of the Clinton treatment,oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost their mothers.Clinton must have been disappointed by the cool response of Gates,who saw the subject as unduly personal.Gates,for his part,was put off t

3、hat Clinton didnt engage him on his favorite topic,technology.When the golfing ended,the two men went their separate ways.Gates didnt take sides in the Clinton-Dole election a couple of years later.Clinton let his Justice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsof

4、t.Its not hard to see why these two larger-than-life figuresone is the worlds most powerful man,the other is the richestdidnt become fast friends:the two Bills are as different as the two ends of the baby-boom generation they represent.Clinton,who entered college in 1964,is dripping with Sixties val

5、ues:a John F.Kennedy-style belief in public service as a calling;an Age-of-Aquarius focus on emotional connection;and a countercultural streak of sex,drugs,and rock n roll.Gates,who came of age in the 1970s,has a Watergate-year detachment from politics,a mind-set more me-generation than“love-in”,and

6、 a passion for the great revolutionary force of his own decade:the personal computer.But Clinton and Gates are remarkably alike in other ways,particularly in their flaws.Both have almost limitless drive and self-absorption and a willingness to push the rules to the edgeor pass itto get what they wan

7、t.When called to account,both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth.These qualities have landed both men in similar binds:Clinton is waiting to hear if he will be removed from office;Gates is fending off the Justice Departments effort to rein i

8、n,or even carve up,Microsoft.Their flaws will take center stage this week,as both men mount defenses in their respective trials.Both men found their callings early.Clinton was elected a senator at Boys Nation at 16.On a Washington field trip that year,he shook hands with President Kennedyan ironic m

9、oment captured in a photo.After Yale Law School and a Rhodes Scholarship,Clinton,at 32,became governor of Arkansas.The single-minded rise to political power is a timeless story,but Clintons came with the distinctive trappings of his era:the scruffy beard and antiwar protests while at Oxford,the expe

10、riment with pot,the civil rights movement sensibility and the feminist wife who kept her nameat least initially.vThe President gave Gates a heavy dose of the Clinton treatment,oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost their mothers.vClinton let his Just

11、ice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft.克林顿总统克林顿总统以自己以自己惯用的惯用的热烈的待人接物方式热烈的待人接物方式对对待盖茨，满脸魅力、待盖茨，满脸魅力、笑容可掬笑容可掬。因为因为两人都新近两人都新近丧母，丧母，所以他满以为所以他满以为能在两人之间找到共同语言。能在两人之间找到共同语言。克林顿则听任司法部克林顿则听任司法部对微软公司提出反垄断诉对微软公司提出反垄断诉讼讼这对微软公司这对微软公司可能会是一场毁灭性的可能会是一场毁灭性的打击打击。Warming up

12、 Activityvthe two Bills are as different as the two ends of the baby-boom generation they representvGates,who came of age in the 1970s,has a Watergate-year detachment from politics,a mind-set more me-generation than“love-in”.两个比尔两个比尔禀性禀性大不一样大不一样，他们，他们分别分别代表了代表了战后战后生育高峰首尾两端生育高峰首尾两端出生的这两类人出生的这两类人。盖茨盖茨

13、2020世纪世纪7070年代长大成人，年代长大成人，具有具有“水门事件水门事件”年代的人年代的人对政治冷漠超然对政治冷漠超然的特点的特点，其其心态更心态更接近接近“唯我的一代唯我的一代”，而不是，而不是“颓废派颓废派”。Warming up ActivityvWhen called to account,both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth.vThe single-minded rise to political power is a

14、timeless story,but Clintons came with the distinctive trappings of his era.当当要求要求他们对自己的所作所为进行他们对自己的所作所为进行解释解释时，两时，两人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。一心一心从政而最终从政而最终把握大权把握大权，这是一个永恒的话，这是一个永恒的话题。然而，克林顿的题。然而，克林顿的平步青云平步青云则明显地带有当则明显地带有当时那个时代的印记。时那个时代的印记。Warming up ActivityvReflection:How did you translate the it

15、alicized parts in the previous sentences?What did you need to do to make your translation convey the original meaning and meanwhile read smoothly?What technique did you use in translating them?Why is it sometimes necessary for a translator to add some words when translating?Warming up ActivityvAs a

16、matter of principle,a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work.vHowever,this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words or omitting unnecessary words in translation to make her version both accurate in meaning

17、and consistent with the idiomatic use of the target language.The Necessity of AmplificationAmplificationvAmplification,also called addition,means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.v We resort to amplification for the purpose of“faithf

18、ul representation”of the thought of the author because English and Chinese are entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural backgroundAmplificationvBesides,many ideas,idiomatic expressions and shorthand words,etc.that are well understood in the country of their origin ca

19、n hardly make sense to foreigners.Therefore,it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.For example,the translation of the word“wash”:vMary washes before meals.vMary washes before going to bed.vMary washes after getting up.vMary washes for a living.vMary w

20、ashes in a restaurant.玛丽饭前玛丽饭前洗手洗手。玛丽睡前玛丽睡前洗漱洗漱。玛丽靠玛丽靠洗衣洗衣为生。为生。玛丽在饭店当玛丽在饭店当洗碗洗碗工。工。玛丽起床后玛丽起床后洗漱洗漱。出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：出于修辞需要而增词出于修辞需要而增词.Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在英汉翻译中的运用增词法在英汉翻译中的运用I.为了明确语义而增词为了明

21、确语义而增词 为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据具体情况增加合适的译语词汇，包括动词、具体情况增加合适的译语词汇，包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括词以及承上启下的词等等。词以及承上启下的词等等。I.为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词1.Supplying Words to Make Concepts Clear 英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词的含义具体化。但当的含义具体化。但当具体名词表示抽象概念具体名词表示抽象概念时，具时，具体名词后应体

22、名词后应增加相应含义的名词增加相应含义的名词。1)I was struck by their cordiality to each other.2)He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.他们彼此的他们彼此的亲密态度亲密态度让我吃惊。让我吃惊。他让法官的他让法官的职责职责战胜父子的战胜父子的私情私情而判决他儿子有罪。而判决他儿子有罪。3)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.4)This lack of resistance

23、in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.5)After all preparations were made,the plane took off.氧化氧化作用作用会使钢铁生锈。会使钢铁生锈。这种在低温金属中没有电阻这种在低温金属中没有电阻的现象的现象可能对电子计可能对电子计算机很有用处。算机很有用处。一切准备一切准备工作工作就绪以后就绪以后，飞机就起飞了，飞机就起飞了。I.为了明确语义而增词为了明确语义而增词2.Supplying Words Omitted in the Original 原文中暗含的意思，

24、有时需通过加词明确表达出来。原文中暗含的意思，有时需通过加词明确表达出来。1)Inflation has now reached unprecedented level.2)Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.通货膨胀已发展到了空前通货膨胀已发展到了空前严重的严重的地步。地步。物质可以转化为能物质可以转化为能，能也可以，能也可以转化转化为物质。为物质。v增加动词增加动词1)In every Chinese city,we got into the streets,shops,parks,theatres and re

25、staurants.2)In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.3)I forgot my key.在中国，我们每到一个城市就在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛遛遛遛大街、大街、逛逛逛逛商店、商店、游游游游公园、公园、看看看看演出、演出、吃吃吃吃名菜。名菜。晚上在晚上在参加参加参加参加宴会、宴会、出席出席出席出席音乐会和音乐会和观看观看观看观看乒乓球表乒乓球表演以后演以后，他还

26、得起草最后公报。，他还得起草最后公报。我忘了我忘了带带带带钥匙。钥匙。v增加副词增加副词The crowds melted away.The crowds melted away.人群人群渐渐渐渐散开了。散开了。As he sat down and began talking,words As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地滔滔不绝地讲个没完。讲个没完。First you borrow,then you beg.First you borrow,then yo

27、u beg.头一遭借头一遭借钱钱，下一遭就讨，下一遭就讨饭饭。Day after day he came to his workDay after day he came to his worksweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.他每天来干活他每天来干活扫扫地地，擦，擦地板地板，收拾，收拾房间房间。v在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这

28、部打字机真是这部打字机真是物物美美价价廉。廉。He is a complicated manmoody,mercurial,He is a complicated manmoody,mercurial,with a melancholy streak.with a melancholy streak.他是一个他是一个他是一个他是一个性格性格性格性格复杂的人复杂的人复杂的人复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，喜怒无常，反复多变，喜怒无常，反复多变，喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。有些犹豫寡欢。有些犹豫寡欢。有些犹豫寡欢。v增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词I.为了明确语义而增词为了明

29、确语义而增词3.Supplying Words to Make Generalizations or to Convey the Concept of Plurality 根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。1)Henry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in October.vv这之前，基辛格七月和十月这之前，基辛格七月和十月这之前，基辛格七月和十月这之前，基辛格七月和十月两度两度在此下榻。在此下榻。在此下榻。在此下榻。2)The thesis summed up the new a

30、chievements made in electronic computers,man-made satellites and rockets.vv论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三个领域这三个领域中的新成就。中的新成就。中的新成就。中的新成就。3)The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as“Asian Tourism Year”,and are cooperating in a drive to convince the worlds

31、 pleasure-and-culture-seekers of their attractions.vv亚洲亚洲几个国家几个国家将将19921992年指定为年指定为“亚洲旅游亚洲旅游年年”，携手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让，携手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们世界各地的那些猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这些国家也有这些国家也有许多许多引人入胜的引人入胜的旅游景观旅游景观。v增加概括性词汇以承上启下增加概括性词汇以承上启下Yes,I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days,sort of fashion.不错，我

32、喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，菜，菜，菜，这种情况这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。算是有点赶时髦吧。算是有点赶时髦吧。算是有点赶时髦吧。v增加表示名词复数的词增加表示名词复数的词增加重迭词表示复数增加重迭词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。鲜花开满了庭院。The lion is the king of animals.狮是狮是百百兽之王。兽之王。1.The best cond

33、uctor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.2.If so grand,why so poor?If so poor,why so grand?3.Air pressure decreases with altitude.Time to Practice最好的导体电阻最小最好的导体电阻最小,最差的最差的导体电阻导体电阻最大。最大。既然那么阔，干嘛要既然那么阔，干嘛要叫叫穷？既然那么穷，干穷？既然那么穷，干嘛嘛摆摆阔气？阔气？气压随海拔高度的气压随海拔高度的增加增加而下降。而下降。4.Note that the word

34、s“velocity”and“speed”require explanation.5.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.6.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.请注意，请注意，速度速度 和和 速率速率 这这两个两个词需要解释词需要解释.他伸出他伸出双双腿，露出腿腿，露出腿上的上的道道道道伤痕。伤痕。群群山开始向山谷投下山开始向山谷投下一道道一道道蔚蓝色的长影。蔚蓝色的长影。7.I was taught that two

35、sides of a triangle were greater than the third.8.A friend exaggerates a mans virtue,an enemy his crimes.我学过，三角形的两边我学过，三角形的两边之和之和大于第三边。大于第三边。朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大夸大人的罪过。人的罪过。9.According to scientists,it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.10.A scientist constantly tried to defeat

36、his hypotheses,his theories,and his conclusion.根据科学家们的根据科学家们的看法看法，自然界要用，自然界要用500 500 年年的的时间时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自己的理论，放弃自己的结论。己的理论，放弃自己的结论。II.出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词1.Supplying Necessary Connectives 1)Heated,water will change into vapor.2)However carefully boil

37、er casings and steam pipes are sealed,some heat escapes and is lost.3)Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.水水如如受热受热,就就会汽化。会汽化。不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，还是还是有一有一部分热散失损耗掉。部分热散失损耗掉。因为空气具有重量，因为空气具有重量，所以所以处在空气中的任何物处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力体都会受到空气的作用力 。II.出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词

38、2.Supplying Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 1)He served in the army for ten years.2)In Beijing,there was a divine scale and a higgledy-piggledy scale.他服他服过过十年兵役。十年兵役。过去的过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。一种杂乱无章的格局。II.出于结构需要而增词出于结构需要而增词3)We wont retreat;we never have and never w

39、ill.4)I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我们我们不会不会后退，我们从未后退后退，我们从未后退过过，将来将来也也绝不后退。绝不后退。我我原本原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但现现在在看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气味，以断定看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气味，以断定它是不是自己的孩子。它是不是自己的孩子。Amplification for Purposes of

40、 Rhetoric or Coherence I came to a garden of grottoes,pavilions and shapely rocks and trees.我来到一个假山花园前，园中亭阁我来到一个假山花园前，园中亭阁玲珑玲珑，山石，山石嶙峋嶙峋，树木树木葱郁葱郁。III.出于修辞需要而增词出于修辞需要而增词Amplification by Repetition v英语为避免重复，尽量使用各种替代手段；而汉英语为避免重复，尽量使用各种替代手段；而汉语喜欢排比结构，英译汉时，可适当增加一些重语喜欢排比结构，英译汉时，可适当增加一些重复词，以顺应汉语行文的特点。复词，以顺

41、应汉语行文的特点。1)Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.2)Ignorance is the mother of fear,as well as admiration.读书读书足以足以怡情、怡情、足以足以博采、博采、足以足以长才。长才。无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源的根源。v翻译比喻性词语、成语、歇后语、双关语有翻译比喻性词语、成语、歇后语、双关语有时需要增添一些解释性词语，才能把意思完时需要增添一些解释性词语，才能把意思完整明白地表达出来。整明白地表达出来。1)shed crocodile

42、 tears2)It catered to large appetites and modest purses.猫哭耗子猫哭耗子假慈悲假慈悲它迎合胃口大而钱囊羞涩的它迎合胃口大而钱囊羞涩的吃客吃客。1.Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界。个世界。2.Avoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust or humidity.Time to Practice不要在过冷、不要在过冷、过过热、灰尘热、

43、灰尘过重过重、湿度、湿度过大过大的情况下使用此电脑。的情况下使用此电脑。3.I had experienced oxygen or/and engine trouble.4.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.Time to Practice我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备出故障出故障，就是引擎就是引擎出故障出故障，或两者都，或两者都出故障出故障。从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败失败中吸取教训中吸取教训更好。更好。5.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。Time to Practice