植物与消费者幻灯片.ppt

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1、植物与消费者第1页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?A definition of ecology:Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.The environment is a combination of the physical environment(temperature,water availability,etc.)and any influences on an organism exerted by other org

2、anisms-the biotic environment.生态学是研究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学。“环境”是物理环境（温度、可利用水等）和生物环境（对有机体的、来自其他有机体的任何影响）的结合体。第2页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一The main elemental component of living matter is carbon.Carbon enters the trophic structure of a community when CO2 is fixed through photosynthesis,the utilization of the energy o

3、f sunlight to combine CO2 and water into sugars.It then becomes incorporated in net primary production(NPP).This is the total energy accumulated per unit time by plants during photosynthesis.When the high-energy molecule in which the carbon was stored is finally used to provide energy for work,the c

4、arbon is released into the atmosphere as CO2.生命物质的主要基本组成分是碳。当通过光合作用固定CO2，利用太阳能把CO2 和水合成糖时，使碳进入群落的营养结构中。这样碳成了净初级生产力（NPP）这就是在光合作用中每单位时间植物积累的总能量。当储存碳的高能量分子最终用于提供工作能量时，碳就以CO2 的形式释放到大气中。The fate of matter in the community群落中物质的命运群落中物质的命运第3页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一生態系統中的能量流通與化學循環Energy flows through an ecosyste

5、m entering as light and exiting as heatMicroorganismsand otherdetritivoresDetritus碎屑碎屑Primary producersPrimary consumersSecondaryconsumersTertiary consumersHeatSun lightKeyChemical cyclingEnergy flow三級消費者三級消費者次級消費者次級消費者初級消費者初級消費者初級生產者初級生產者微生物及微生物及其它碎食者其它碎食者第4页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一ProducersAutotrophs,th

6、e main producers in most terrestrial ecosystems,use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substrates to produce organic molecules from inorganic ones.Plants are the main producers in terrestrial systems,while phytoplankton are the most important in open oceans.In these deep waters,p

7、hotosynthetic production occurs in the upper levels,the photic zone,where light can penetrate.In deeper waters,light does not penetrate and no photosynthesis occurs in this aphotic zone.生产者生产者自养生物大多数陆地生态系统的主要生产者，利用太阳能或无机物质氧化作用的能量，使无机分子成为有机分子。在陆地系统中植物是主要的生产者，而浮游植物在开放海洋中最重要。在深水域中，光合产物只在上层部分（透光区）产生，因为光

8、能透入这部分。在更深水域中，光不能透入，故这无光区没有光合作用发生。第5页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一草草第6页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Consumer植物被初级消费者所食，如草食哺乳动物和昆虫。海洋里，浮游动物以浮游植物为食。这些初级消费者依次又被次级消费者肉食动物所食，如哺乳动物和蜘蛛。在海洋中，很多鱼类以浮游动物为食时成为次级消费者。消费者Plants are eaten by primary consumers,such as grazing mammals and insects.In oceans,phytoplankton are consumed by zo

9、oplankton.These primary producers are in turn eaten by secondary consumers,carnivores such as mammals and spiders.In oceans,many fish are secondary consumers as they feed zooplankton.第7页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一第8页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一第9页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一第10页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一The organic material that compos

10、es living organisms in an ecosystem is eventually recycled,broken down and returned to the abiotic environment in forms that can be used by plants.Decomposers,which feed on nonliving organic material are the organisms in this recycling.The most important decomposers are bacteria and fungi.Decomposer

11、s在生态系统中组成生命有机体的有机物质，最终经分解以可被植物利用的形式回到生物环境中被重新利用。分解者以无生命的有机物质为食，是这个再循环中的有机体。重要的分解者是细菌和真菌。分解者第11页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Pyramids of Net Production(淨生產力金字塔)This loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain can be represented by a pyramid of net productionTertiaryconsumersSecondaryconsumersPrimaryconsum

12、ersPrimaryproducers1,000,000 J of sunlight10 J100 J1,000 J10,000 J三級消費者三級消費者次級消費者次級消費者初級消費者初級消費者初級生產者初級生產者第12页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Biomass pyramids(生物能量塔)Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease at successively higher trophic levels(高高营养阶层营养阶层)Trophic levelDry weight(g/m2)Primary producersTertiary c

13、onsumersSecondary consumersPrimary consumers1.51137809(a)Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease in biomass at successively higher trophic levels,as illustrated by data from a bog at Silver Springs,Florida.三級消費者三級消費者次級消費者次級消費者初級消費者初級消費者初級生產者初級生產者營養階層營養階層第13页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Nutrient cycling(营养循

14、环)A general model of nutrient cycling(营养循环营养循环)Includes the main reservoirs of elements and the processes that transfer elements between reservoirsAll elements cycle between organic and inorganic reservoirsOrganicmaterialsavailableas nutrientsLivingorganisms,detritusOrganicmaterialsunavailableas nut

15、rientsCoal,oil,peatInorganicmaterialsavailableas nutrientsInorganicmaterialsunavailableas nutrientsAtmosphere,soil,waterMineralsin rocksFormation ofsedimentary rock Weathering,erosionRespiration,decomposition,excretionBurningof fossil fuelsFossilizationReservoir aReservoir bReservoir cReservoir dAss

16、imilation,photosynthesis第14页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Terrestrial plants utilize atmospheric CO2 as their carbon source for photosynthesis,whereas aquatic plants use dissolved carbonates(hydrosphere carbon).Respiration releases the carbon locked in photosynthetic products back to the atmospheric and hydrosp

17、heric carbon compartments.The atmospheric phase is predominant in the global nitrogen cycle,in which nitrogen fixation and denitrification by miocroorganisms are of particular importance.The main stocks of phosphorus occur in soil water,atmospheric and lithospheric components.植物利用空气中CO2作为光合作用的碳源，而水生

18、植物使用溶解的碳酸化合物（水圈的碳）。呼吸作用把固定在光合产物中的碳，再释放到气圈和水圈的碳圈层中。在全球氮循环中，气相是占优势的，其中，氮的固定和微生物的脱氮作用特别重要。磷主要储存在土壤水、河流、湖泊、岩石和海洋沉淀物中，而硫储存在大气和岩石的组分中。Geochemistry(全球生物地化循环全球生物地化循环)第15页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Biogeochemical Cycles(生物地質化學循環)The water cycle and the carbon cycle(水循環及碳循環水循環及碳循環)Transportover landSolar energyNet mov

19、ement ofwater vapor by windPrecipitationover oceanEvaporationfrom oceanEvapotranspirationfrom landPrecipitationover landPercolationthroughsoilRunoff andgroundwaterCO2 in atmospherePhotosynthesisCellularrespirationBurning offossil fuelsand woodHigher-levelconsumersPrimaryconsumersDetritusCarbon compo

20、unds in waterDecompositionTHE WATER CYCLETHE CARBON CYCLE第16页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一Nitrogen cycle(N)and the phosphorous cycle(P)The nitrogen cycle and the phosphorous cycle(氮氮循循环环及磷循及磷循环环)N2 in atmosphereDenitrifyingbacteriaNitrifyingbacteriaNitrifyingbacteriaNitrificationNitrogen-fixingsoil bacteriaNit

21、rogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumesDecomposersAmmonificationAssimilationNH3NH4+NO3NO2 RainPlantsConsumptionDecompositionGeologicupliftWeatheringof rocksRunoffSedimentationPlant uptakeof PO43SoilLeaching滲漏作用滲漏作用THE NITROGEN CYCLETHE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE第17页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一相关主题资源与循环资源与循环植物链植物链初级和次级生产力初级和次级生产力Related topicsSources and cycles Food chains Primary and secondary production 第18页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一報告完畢報告完畢敬請指教敬請指教！？！？！？！？！？！？！？！？！？！？！？！？第19页，共19页，编辑于2022年，星期一