高级英语课件LoveisaFallacy.ppt

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1、Love Is a FallacyMax Max ShulmanShulmanUnit 4TeachingTeaching PlanPlanTeaching Objectives1.To have a basic knowledge of the terms in logic2.To understand what love is in an affluent society3.To appreciate the humorous and satirical writing style4.To appreciate the languageTeaching FocusnThe rules of

2、 logic:to understand all the eight fallacies referred in the text.nThe particular writing style of the author.The light,humorous,yet impressing way of depicting things.Subjective,personal,sensible.Teaching FocusnThe self-boasting tone of“I”.Different adjectives applied to describe“I”and my“rival”Pet

3、ey Burch.nThe positive,neutral and negative senses of the similar adjectives.Teaching Methods1.Teacher-oriented teaching method2.Student-oriented teaching method3.The elicited methodTeaching Procedure.Introductory Remarks.Background Information.Learning Focus.Key words and Expressions.Explanation of

4、 the Text.Division of the Text.The Writing Style.The Personality of Dobie.ExercisesIntroductoryIntroductory RemarksRemarks.Introductory RemarksnAbout the titlen“There is deceptive or delusive quality about love”.n“Love can not be deduced from a set of given premises”.nAbout the authornMax Schulmanna

5、n Americans best-known humoristsna productive writer of many talentsnHis worksn Barefoot boy with CheeknThe Feather merchantnRally Round the Flag,BoysnThe Many Loves of Dobie GillisnAbout the textnThe text is excerpted from The Many loves of Dobbie Gillis by Max Shulman.It is a piece of narrative wr

6、iting.nThe narrator of the story,Dobie Gillis,a self-conceited freshman in a school struggles against Petey Burch,his stupid roommate whose girl friend he plans to steal and Polly Espy,the beautiful dumb girl he intends to marry after suitable reeducation.Detailed Study of the Detailed Study of the

7、TextText.Background InformationnExplanation of thelogical FallaciesnA logical argument gives evidence to support some conclusion.ntwo necessary parts:na conclusion the thesis argues forncertain premises or facts on which to base the conclusionnThe conclusion is to be inferred from the premises.n An

8、argument is deductively valid when its premises provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion.An argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid and fallacious.nAn argument may be fallacious in three ways:nfallacious in its material content because of the use of a misstatement of the fact

9、s;nfallacious in its wording because of an incorrect use of term;nfallacious in its form because of the use of an improper process of inference.nFallacies are divided into three groups:na)material-fallacies of presumptionnb)verbal-fallacies of ambiguity nc)formal-a structural pattern of generically

10、incorrect reasoningnThe fallacies mentioned in the text are material fallacies:1.Dicto Simpliciter 绝对判断 （Fallacy of Accident）An argument based on an unqualified generalization.The argument applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances makes the rule inapplicable.2.H

11、asty Generalization （仓促推断）The converse fallacy of accident arises when a special case is improperly applied as a general rule.For instance,a certain food is delicious to some people,but the fact does not imply that it is delicious to all people.3.The Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion It occurs when t

12、he conclusion changes the point that is under consideration in the premises.Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are produced by the so-called fallacies of irrelevance,which include:1)Post Hoc ergo propter hoc 牵强附会/假性因果 The fallacy of False Cause The fallacy mislocates the cause of one phenomenon

13、in another that is only seemingly related.2)Contradictory Premises循环论证 Begging the Question It comes into being when the premises openly or covertly presume the very conclusion to be demonstrated.3）Ad Misericordiam文不文不对题（appeal to pity)In a law court,a trial lawyer doesnt argue for his clients innoc

14、ence,but he tries to move the jury to sympathy for him,just as applicant for a job doesnt answer the question raised by the boss.Instead he tries to appeal to the boss sympathy by saying something about the poor situation of his family.4)False Analogy “It doe not follow”arises when there is not even

15、 a deceptively plausible appearance of valid reasoning,because the given premises have virtually nothing to do with the conclusion drawn from them.5）Hypothesis Contrary to Fact The fallacy of many questions consists in asking for or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either

16、be separate or refused completely.6)Poisoning the Well（井中投毒）Speaking“against the man”rather than to issue,or the fallacy of Poisoning the Well in the text where the premises may only make a personal attack on a person holding some thesis rather than offer grounds showing why what he says is false.Le

17、arning FocusnStructure of the Narrationn1.The protagonist:nDobie Gillis-a self conceited freshmann2.The antagonist:nPetey Burch-his stupid roommatenPolly Espy-the beautiful dumb girl n3.The time:during the period of being studentsn4.The place:on the campus of the university of Minnesotan5.The main t

18、heme:love is a Fallacyn6.The plot:Focus on a Raccoon Coat.Key words and Expressions1.unfetter:to free from fetters;to free from restraint of any kind;liberate -free and unfettered trade 2.mumble:to speak or say indistinctly and in a low voice,mutter -I wish you wouldnt mumble.-I cant hear you clearl

19、y.3.shed:cast off or lose hair -All the leaves have shed.4.covet:want ardently;long for with envy -Its a sin to covet.5.veer:change direction;shift;turn or swing around -The wind veered round to the west.6.swivel:turn on -He swiveled the camera on the tripod to follow the riders.7.wax:to grow gradua

20、lly larger;increase in strength,intensity,volume -The moon waxes.8.wince:to shrink or draw back slightly,usually with a grimace,as in pain,embarrassment,etc.-He winced at the insult.9.chirp:speak in lively way 10.blubber:weep loudly,like a child11.fashion:shape;mold -He fashioned the clay into a jar

21、.12.croak:to speak in a low,rough voice as if you have a sore throat -The crow croaked disaster.13.reel:to give way or fall back;sway,waver or stagger as from being struck -He reeled from the sharp blow.14.bellow:cry out loudly,as in anger or pain15.enterprising:full of energy and initiative;willing

22、 to undertake new projects16.flaccid:hanging in loose folds or wrinkles;soft and limp17.pedantic:of or like a pedant18.calculating:shrewd or cunning,esp.in a selfish way 19.astute:having or showing a clever or shrewd mind;cunning;crafty20.unsightly:not slightly,not pleasant to look at;ugly21.cerebra

23、l:appealing to the intellect rather than the emotions,intellectual22.pin-up:designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls 23.greasy:smeared with or containing grease24.canny:careful and shrewd in ones action and dealing;clever an

24、d cautious25.glum:feeling or looking gloomy26.fraught:filled,charged or loaded27.yummy:very tasty;delicious28.grueling:extremely tiring;exhausting29.well-heeled:rich,prosperous -a well-heeled dandy.Explanation of the Text1.Charles Lamb Charles Lamb,an English essayist and poet,was born in London in

25、1775 and died in 1834.His writing was full of gentle humor.His dramatic essay“Specimens of English Dramatic Poets”established his reputation as a critic.2.Thomas Carlylena British historian and essayistnThe Revolution,Chartism:characterized by his trenchant social and political criticism and his com

26、plex literary stylenCarlyese:a compound of biblical,colloquialisms,and his own coinages,arranged in unexpected sequences.3.Ruskin -an English writer,art critic and social theorist -a great painting to be one that conveys great ideas to the viewer -the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England

27、during the mid-19th centuryHis works include:-Modern Painters (1843-1860),-The seven Lamps of architecture(1849)-Sesame and Lilies(1856)-The Crown of Wild Olive(1866),-Time and Tide(1867).4.nothing upstairs:(AmE.slang)empty-headed,a nitwit(BrE.slang)unfurnished in the upper storey5.surrender oneself

28、 to sth.:to stop trying to prevent yourself from having a feeling,habit,etc.-She surrendered herself to sleep.-He finally surrendered himself to his craving for drug.6.in the swim(of things):(informal)involved in things that are happening in society or in a particular situation7.tear:make sb.feel ve

29、ry unhappy or worried -His distress tore me apart.8.have at ones figure tips:to be completely familiar with9.bat ones eyes/eyelashes:open and close ones eyes quickly,in a way that is supposed to be attractive not bat an eyelid:(BE)/not bat an eye(AE):10.knock sb.out:to surprise and impress sb.very m

30、uch -The movie just knocked me out.11.exasperate:to annoy or irritate sb.very much -Her moods exasperated him.Exasperation:n.He shook his head in exasperation.12.knit ones brow(s):to move/draw ones eyebrows together,to show that you are thinking hard,feeling angry13.hammer away(at):keep emphasizing

31、or talking about14.patronize:-Some television programs tend to patronize children.15.have by the throat:attack by seizing and squeezing ones throat16.rat:mouse,rat poison (informal)an unpleasant person,esp.one who is not loyal or trick sb.Division of the TextPart I Paras 1-3 It serves as a brief int

32、roduction to,and a comment,on the story.Part II Paras 4-59 It humorously depicts how the promise of exchanging a girlfriend for a raccoon coat is made and fulfilled.Part III Paras 60-125 It vividly describes the incredibly tough project of making dumb Polly smart,and the seeming success.Part IV Para

33、s 126-154 It ironically represents the seemingly Pygmalion effect,which turns out to be a Frankenstein tragedy and forms the climax of the story.SummarySummary.The Writing Stylena piece of narration of light,humorous satirenIts theme:n“Love is a Fallacy”n“love”is an errorna deception and emotion tha

34、t does not follow the principles of logicsummarynThe purpose of the story nto demonstrate that logic is a living,breathing things,full of beauty,passion and trauma,far from being a dry,pedantic subject.nThe logical link of passage ideas n“logic-a living thing”n“exchange of a raccoon coat for a prett

35、y but foolish girl”n“teaching her to be logical and clever”n“a Pygmalion becomes a Frankenstein”nAffluence has replaced love,thus there is no question of taking brilliance,talent,or education into consideration when choosing a boyfriend and a husband.It has reduced the search to a matter of seeking

36、wealth and keeping up with the Joneses.Indeed,this kind of love is a fallacy.nThe climax:paras.147-150nPolly refuses to go steady with Dobie because she already promised to go steady with Petey Burch.nThe end:nin a very ironic notenDobie ignores the fact that love is the sincere attachment which ari

37、ses naturally from both hearts,and he fails to win Polly because he has been too clever for his good.nThe Features of Writing StylenAmerican colloquialism and slangna large lexical spectrumnthe ultra learned terms nthe infra clipped vulgar formsnfigurative languageninversion for special emphasisnman

38、y figures of speech nsimile nmetaphornhyperbolenmetonymynantithesisnshort sentencenelliptical sentences ndashes ntopic-centered paragraph.The Personality of Dobiena smug,self-conceited freshman,smugly boasting and singing praises of himself,heaping on himself all the beautiful words of praise:ncool,

39、logical,keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,powerful,precise and penetrating.ntaking every opportunity to downgrade Petey Burch&Polly Espy:nPetey:dumb,nothing upstairs,unable,impressionable and faddistnPolly:she is“a beautiful dumb girl”,who would smarten up under his guidancengiving Polly a

40、 course in logic nDobie has got what he deservednHe has been too clever for his own good,so he ends up in lying on the bed that he makes himself.ExercisesExercises.ExercisesnOral PresentationnMake a five-minute presentation in class based on your research.nSuggested Topics:n 1.Max Shulmann 2.Charles

41、 LambnDiscriminate between these synonyms.n 1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astuten 2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smartn1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astutenThese words refer to unusual mental agility or perceptiveness.nKeen suggests both these attributes,adding to them a vig

42、orous and forceful ability to grapple with complex or obscure problems.na keen mind for fine distinctionsnSometimes by analogy with good vision,the word may suggest an ability to observe details and see them as part of a larger pattern.na keen understanding of the problems facing the conservation mo

43、vementnAcute suggests a finely honed sensitivity or receptivity to nuances that might escape others;it might also imply a high-keyed state of nervous attention that is not sustainable for long.nan acute awareness of the slightest ambiguity in each statement made by his opponentnan acute alertness,he

44、ightened by the strange silence in the enemy trenchesnAstute suggests a thorough and profound understanding,stemming from a scholarly or experienced mind that is in full command of a given field.nan astute assessment of the strengths and weakness of the plans for reorganizing the departmentnan astut

45、e evaluation of the gaps in our knowledge of how life evolvednPerspicacious is the most formal of these words;it stresses intensity of perception,without being very rich in other connotations.na perspicacious remark that illuminated the whole problem for all of themnCalculating means shrewd or cunni

46、ng,especially in a selfish way n2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smartnIntelligent implies the ability to learn or understanding from experience or to respond successfully to a new experience.nClever implies quickness in learning or understanding,but sometimes connotes a lack of thoroughness or

47、 depth.nAlert emphasizes quickness in sizing up a situation.nBright and smart are somewhat informal,less precise equivalents for any of the preceding.nBrilliant implies an unusually high degree of intelligence.nREAD,THINK AND COMMENTnRead the following passage and respond to these questions:What is

48、the main idea of each paragraph?What methods are used to develop these paragraphs?nThe main idea of Paragraph 1 is that wit and humor are similar for both are associated with the laughable.However,the distinction between them is hard to draw.The main idea of Paragraph 3 is about the differences between wit and humor.nThe methods of definition,comparison and contrast are used in developing these paragraphs.