(精品)日本文化JapanCul (2).ppt

《(精品)日本文化JapanCul (2).ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《(精品)日本文化JapanCul (2).ppt（114页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、CHAPTER 11Japanese Culture PRISMs1.Which are more powerful:goals or ideals?2.Can people really rise above self-interest to embrace ideals?3.Is it better to fail doing things the right way than it is to succeed by cutting corners?4.Can cultures have both gender equality&gender role differences?Indivi

2、dualismExtended familyCommunityMonochronic PoychronicLow ContextHigh ContextSocial AmbiguitySocial CertaintyLow Power Distance High power DistanceMastery AdaptationEmotionally Neutral Emotionally ExpressiveQuantity of Life Quality of lifeKEY JAPANESE IDEALSIdeal#1:Joy of livingIdeal#2:BeautyIdeal#3:

3、Interpersonal harmonyIdeal#4:PerfectionIdeal#5:Transformational managementMountainous,Volcanic Islands1.6800 islands2.The main islands of Japan(Kyushu,Shikoku,Honshu,Hokkaido)=98%of land 3.4%the size of the USA4.71%mountainous 5.10%of worlds active volcanoes (Mt.Fuji being the largest)6.126 M popula

4、tion7.99%genetic homogeneity8.Era of population decline projected to begin in 2010(when a quarter of Japanese will be over 65)1.When something good“comes alive,”its an ideal.Ideals are the essence of life-both the ends and means of living.Westerners have little experience“experiencing”Asian ideas.2.

5、Its hard for Westerners to understand Asian culture because ideals are less important to Westerners,who value individual freedom&independence more than community.3.Westerners push away the ideal of community because of its emphasis on interdependency,sacrifice,duty,&etiquette,all of which detract fr

6、om individual autonomy(driving fast,loud music&cell calls in public,smoking around others,etc.).GETTING CONCRETE WITH IDEALSIs your score the only thing that counts in golf?(How about your form&manners?)Why fold paper up?(Origami is an artistic approach to self-discipline)Shudan Ishiki Why do the Ja

7、panese have such a strong group consciousness?1.Ethnic&cultural homogeneity2.Predictable&rigid behavioral etiquette for every social situation3.The pursuit of common idealsShikata The ideal processfor all social&business behavior1.There is an ideal way to do everything in Japan,because the way you d

8、o something is just as important as what you accomplish2.Failure in doing something the ideal way is more honorable than being pragmatic by cutting corners to achieve success(such as steroid use in sports&NCAA cheating)IDEAL#1:Iki Gai(Joy of living)1.Dress up,not down2.Eat healthy food,not junk3.Sta

9、y slim&trim4.Put art in all you do to live life on a higher plain5.Master the social graces6.Take pride in all around personal excellence7.Healthy forms of maximum relaxation:hot springs communal bathing;karaoke;wearing comfortable,clean,light weight slippers in domestic settings;sleeping on futons(

10、to conserve living space in small Japanese houses&apartments)8.Elaborate,sumptuous cuisine of maximum aroma,seasoning,&visual appeal.9.Extraordinary cleanliness of personal hygiene,living space,&public space.The worlds healthiest diet(while 60%of Americans are overweight)IDEAL#2:Yugen Myo Ideal(Tao)

11、beautyDO CHERRY BLOSSOMS HAVE BEAUTY OR IS IT ALL IN YOUR HEAD?1.Actually,its both.The Japanese believe our minds are“pre-programmed”to experience the ideals in life,such as beauty,perfection,cooperation,&community.2.The purpose of Japanese life is to experience(“import”)as many ideals as possible i

12、nto your life,thus transforming both your consciousness&your daily behavior.3.Community,the nucleus of Asian culture,comes from the totality of human ideals.4.Perhaps the best way for egocentric Westerners to understand community is via the analogy of peeling an onion.Onions do have a core,but you h

13、ave to remove layer after layer of the onion to get to the core.In Japanese&Asian cultures,the layers surrounding community are behavioral etiquette,interpersonal harmony,interdependency,social niches,&dedication to abstract ideals,of which community is the totality.MATERIALIZING IDEALS INTO EXTERNA

14、L REALITY1.Turning the inner ideal of beauty into food presentation,feminine kimonos,high quality cars,etc.2.Turning the Zen ideal of harmony into a bonsai tree or a cultivated meditation garden3.Turning the ideal of interpersonal harmony into bowing etiquette&feminine-style(needs-focused)communicat

15、ionJapanese gardens BonsaiMeticulously shaping the gardens requires internalization of harmonious idealsWant a good laugh?Watch tourists stomp around in a public Japanese garden.Japanese gardens are actually an art form designed to promote peaceful,harmonious contemplation&meditation via a perfectly

16、 manicured(“civilized”)garden.Americans always want to“do”somethinganything except be still.WHATS THE PURPOSE OF A BONSAI GARDEN?Restless,on-the-go Westerners have a difficult time understanding the purpose of a garden that doesnt yield produce.“What do you do with it?”To Asians a garden doesnt have

17、 to have a“purpose”-it just exists in harmony.Being in the garden helps Asians to also just harmoniously existwithout an Western agenda of“making something happen”(non-stop“questing”).Westerners understand sharks much better than gardens-solitary and always on the move.RESTLESS,HIGH-ACHIEVING WESTER

18、NERS TAKE PRIDE IN1.Multi-taking,not focus2.Over-commitment,not balance3.Busyness,not contemplation4.Doing,not being5.Using up,not renewing6.Performance,not practice7.Doing what comes naturally,not disciplineZen art requiresthat you live in the moment.You are art.Japanese Painting1.Zen art(become on

19、e with your environment)strives to paint“in the moment”(“go with the flow”)rather than by a predetermined plan(as in Western art).Most Zen paintings are executed in water colors in just a few minutes.2.The ego-centrism(me-centered)nature of Western culture separates man from a sense of community&uni

20、ty with the universe.Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh,who was heavily influenced by Japanese painting,achieved such Zen-like unity between his feelings(internal environment)&external environment that his paintings came alive,writhing in human emotion.The universe became him as he became the universe.N

21、etsuke(ceramics)Tsuba(sword handles)1.Bunraku puppet theaters2.Inshu washi calligraphy on decorative papers made from plant fibers3.Chado tea ceremony4.Ukiyo-E woodblock prints5.Kyo sensa folding fans6.Ryukyu Bingata vividly colored dyed textiles7.Mizuhiki colored paper strips for tying gifts8.Bunka

22、 knitted cords used as trim on furniture&pillows,doll clothes,etc.9.Temari decorative balls made from thread10.Kubuki stylized dances that tell a historical dramaArt enables youto become idealsJimusho no hana Flowers of the office1.To the Japanese,femininity is the embodiment of all artistic ideals

23、(The“Greek Muses”in the Western tradition).2.The traditional Japanese geisha was a living exponent of the rich cultural tradition of art in all its forms.She maintained these art forms and passed them along to the next generation.1.“Men for competition,women for beauty”2.Women as“organic art”(the Ge

24、isha)3.Performing ceremonial ideals in work lifeAint this sorta sexist,politically incorrect,and demeaning to women?(Only in unisex/materialistic cultures)In contrast with unisex Western(U-GEN)culture,traditional Japanese culture wants women to embody different ideals than males.Many Japanese feel t

25、he West has devalued their women by making them mere economic producers,rather than encouraging them to fulfill the feminine ideals of family nurturing,gracious hospitality,beauty-creating,etc.IDEAL#3:WA INTERPERSONAL HARMONYNature has no agenda.It simply exists as a harmonious ideal.LIVING IN THE T

26、RIANGLE OF HARMONYInternal harmonyExternal harmonyInterpersonal harmony1.The work environment is moreimportant than the work itself,because the environmentdetermines what work can beaccomplished.2.The underlying foundationof the Japanese work environment is harmony vs.conflict in Western companiesBE

27、HAVIOR IN JAPANESE BUSINESS DEPENDS ON:1.The context:the occasion,the people involved,the purpose2.The behavioral model of the employees boss-the“geisha”(depository)of workplace ideals3.Avoiding(2-way)social embarrassment by anticipating the consequences of your behavior on the community you are par

28、t ofA good leader doesnt have to work hard to get others to work hard.Shimatsu sho Shimatsu sho Im sorry,sorry,sorryIm sorry,sorry,sorryWhy do the Japanese apologize in advance?1.“I apologize in advance in case I fail to reach the ideal we are all striving to attain.If I do fall short of attaining t

29、his ideal,it certainly wasnt due to my lack of commitment.”2.“Even if I succeed,I apologize if I unintentionally broke interpersonal harmony in the process.”3.Accepting personal blame for causing your group to fail(lose face)4.Ceremonial redemptionsettling accounts through ritualistic personal sacri

30、fice(via resignation,or merely being the scapegoat)5.Whats the correct way to deal with a traffic ticket in Japan?(write a note of profuse apology to the local police department)Tatemae/Honne Faade vs.realityCommunicating reality through a Communicating reality through a screen of polite harmony.scr

31、een of polite harmony.1.“Safe”business meeting agendas2.Criticism protocol viaintermediators3.“Barbarians”within the businessdelegation:Dont speak beforeyour boss does;dont disagreewith your team publicly.4.Vague communication duringnegotiations to avoid steamrollingothers5.“We will give your genero

32、us offer a great deal of thinking.”(“No”)6.“We are surprised that your product costs so little to make.”(“Your products cost estimates seem unreasonably low.”)7.“We know that your company will be very successful in the future.”(“We do not want to work with you in a joint venture.”)EXAMPLES OF SCREEN

33、ED HARMONY1.Telling people what they want to hear,expecting them to politely“drag”the truth out of you.2.Making comments that require“reading between the lines”:“That project is very difficult to complete”(Translation:“Weve run into some problems”)3.Using third parties to communicate areas of disagr

34、eement or misunderstandingsWhat is reality in a restaurant:the nice dcor,or the hot,messy kitchen in back?BUSINESSBUSINESSJAPANESEJAPANESESTYLESTYLETHE WORKPLACE AS COMMUNITY1.Japanese companies are viewed as a community of members committed to one another and to the companys long-run competitive su

35、ccess.The sense of community is greatly enhanced by the high rate of employee stock ownership:”Since this is our company for a lifetime,lets sacrifice together to make it a success.”2.The Japanese government works to guide&stabilize companies,which are viewed as living organisms.Does Donald Trump wo

36、rry much about the feelings of employees?Empathetic communication isnt possible without relationship-buildingbased on formal/informal interactions.1.Japanese companies are looking for a“marriage,”not a“date.”What would most girls say if you asked them to marry you after the first date?2.If she actua

37、lly considered your proposal,how would her parents probably react?Do you think they just might want a lot of information about you?Madoguchi The relationship window into a Japanese“balloon”1.Most Japanese companies are like a“balloon”because there are no openings in a balloonno openings for foreigne

38、rs to become part of the company.Foreigners who wish to do business with a Japanese company must have an insider“champion”(madoguchi)to“import”the outsider into the company,thus giving them face(a legitimate status to interact with insiders).Japanese companies are also like aringed target:executives

39、 occupythe bulls-eye;middle managersoccupy the middle circles;foreign business partners occupythe outer ring.Anyone thecompany doesnt do business withis outside the circle(lackingstatus,or face,completely).GETTING TO HOME BASE WITH THE JAPANESE1.Getting to first base:Getting a champion in the Japane

40、se company2.Getting to second base:Hierarchical networking of executives in both companies 3.Getting to third base:Interpersonal bonding via karaoke,communal baths,etc.4.Scoring a run:Suspending etiquette(honest,straight forward business negotiations with no ceremony)Expect it to take a solid year b

41、efore your company“gets to first base”with a Japanese companyThey dont want to work with a foreign company that is“in lust”rather than“in love.”DURING THE“DATING GAME”1.Be psychologically prepared for“circular”(communal consensus)Japanese business practices2.Why do the Japanese generally ask for mor

42、e and more and more information about your company?(Making sure everyone saves face by knowing a lot about who they are about to do business with.)3.Waiting patiently for the right introductory ceremonial occasion(You cant celebrate Christmas in April.)4.The Japanese reluctance to take on new friend

43、ship obligationssense of duty always run ahead of emotions.Karaoke(“empty orchestra”)Konyoku Communal bathingNightlife is a cultural necessity in Japan because negotiations require safe ceremonial settings where people can be open&honest without breaking harmonysuch as drinking in a bar where you ca

44、n claim you were drunk&thus not aware of what blunt/honest things you may have said.Burei Ko Abandoning etiquetteHow does drinking in a bar make it OK for the Japanese to be blunt,honest,&even rude?Getting drunk etiquette:The Japanese use drinking in a bar as a excuse for engaging in socially unacce

45、ptable behavior(like blunt honesty or complaining),since“they didnt know what they were doing”(because they were drunk)Rice WineEntertaining in inexpensive Yatai stalls(Japanese“fast food”stands,which are a much cheaper entertaining venue than downtown bars and night clubs).Popular food includes ram

46、en noodles,yakatori barbeque,&tempura(fried fish&veggies)GAIATSU:USING OUTSIDE PRESSURE FOR HARMONIOUS,FACE-SAVING,CHANGE1.In face-conscious Japan,change may be viewed as an admission of failure or lack of dedication.2.Do you really want a change you made to imply that your boss or work team didnt w

47、ork hard enough,or werent competent enough,or that you have higher standards than they do?3.The Japanese government recently began to encourage foreign(“gaijin”)companies to step up their operations in Japan as a face-saving/gaiatsu way of lighting a fire under Japanese companies to become more inno

48、vative,competitive,&efficient.“Japan hopes foreigners can shake up old&staid Japanese structures in ways that domestic firms cant.”4.In its successful turn-around of almost bankrupt Nissan,Renault showed Japanese car companies how to use their suppliers more efficiently.5.Foreign insurance firms hav

49、e introduced a number of new services copied by their Japanese counterparts.6.Starbucks has forced traditional Japanese coffee-shop chains to improve.7.As long ago as 1853,Americas Commodore Perry forced Japan at gunpoint to open its markets to American exports,leading to the breakdown of Japans anc

50、ient feudal social structure and ushering in the modernization of Japanese commercial practices.Rationalizing making corporate changes on the grounds that you have to fit into other cultures where you do business:1.Role of women in American factories2.Making large,inefficient SUVs3.Cleaning up the J