国际经贸文章选读许群航编著978-7-5663-0312-7.ppt

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1、国际经贸文章选读国际经贸文章选读许群航许群航许群航许群航 编著编著编著编著ISBNISBN：978-7-5663-0312-7978-7-5663-0312-720122012年年年年6 6月月月月 第第第第1 1版版版版定价：定价：定价：定价：29.0029.00Lesson 1The World Economy:Three-Way SplitPre-reading questionsHaveyoueverthoughtofthetrendoftheworldeconomy?Whatwillitbelike?Whatmonetarymeasuresdoyouthinkeconomiessho

2、uldtaketopreventtheeconomicrecession?Decideonwhichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsumupthemainideaofthetextafteryourfirstreading.lThetexttellsustheoptimisticoutlookoftheworldeconomy.lThetextmainlyanalyzestheeconomicsituationofAmerica.lThetextpredictsthepossiblenewpatternoftheworldeconomy.()Words and

3、Expressionssplitn.裂缝；劈开outputn.产量；输出量forecastern.预报员mid-yearslowdown年中经济放缓double-diprecession双底衰退peripheraladj.不重要的；外围的decentadj.相当好的ageingn.老化oomphn.精力；吸引力buoyantadj.有浮力的MSCIindex摩根士丹利资本国际指数shrugoff摆脱ominousadj.预兆的；不祥的rattlev.喋喋不休地说debtn.债务pessimisticn.悲观；悲观主义heavyweightn.重量级选手divergencen.分歧frictio

4、nn.摩擦onatear持续上升sparecapacity闲置的生产能力assetbubbles资产泡沫overheatingn.过热bynomeansalone绝不孤独surgev.激增slumpn.暴跌monetaryadj.货币的；金融的holddown抑制；压制currencyn.货币inflationn.通货膨胀tighteningn.紧缩emanatev.散发；发出steeplyadv.险峻地consolidationn.合并fiscaladj.财政的voluntaryadj.自愿的；志愿的masochisticadj.自讨苦吃的embattledadj.被围困的grimadj.残

5、忍的；可怕的screwdown使降低价格bustn.萧条；不景气enlightenedadj.进步的；文明的fractiousadj.易怒的；难以对付的austerityn.紧缩；严厉expirev.失效；终止taxbreaks税收减免；税额优惠couplewith与相结合；伴随injectv.注射dosen.一剂；一服steroidn.激素rehabn.戒毒coldturkey冷火鸡疗法；突然完全戒毒direadj.可怕的；悲惨的long-termbudget长期预算fiscalconsolidation财政整顿deficitn.赤字；不足额gatherdust被忽视；被搁置bondhold

6、ern.公债所有者reservecurrency储备货币bond-marketbust债券市场崩盘sovereigndefault主权债务违约dampenv.抑制skewv.倾斜；扭曲debt-ridden负债累累thriftyadj.节俭的obsessedwith纠缠于bodev.预示gobust破产sticking-plastern.橡皮膏tacticn.策略；战略splurgev.挥霍；夸耀feudv.长期不和；长期争斗hashout消除；解决footingn.基础；立足处beton就打赌Notes 1.economicsoftlanding:经济软着陆。Asoftlandinginth

7、ebusinesscycleistheprocessofaneconomyshiftingfromgrowthtoslow-growthtopotentiallyflat,asitapproachesbutavoidsarecession.Itisusuallycausedbygovernmentattemptstoslowdowninflation.Thecriteriafordistinguishingbetweenahardandsoftlandingarenumerousandsubjective.Inadditiontobeingacertaintypeofbusinesscycle

8、,asoftlandingmayalsorefertoamarketsegmentorindustrysectorthatisexpectedtoslowdown,buttonotcrash,whilethewidereconomymaynotexperiencesuchaslowdownatthattime.2.double-diprecession:双底型衰退，又叫双底W型衰退。Whengrossdomesticproduct(GDP)growthslidesbacktonegativeafteraquarterortwoofpositivegrowth.Adouble-diprecess

9、ionreferstoarecessionfollowedbyashort-livedrecovery,followedbyanotherrecession.Thecausesforadouble-diprecessionvarybutoftenincludeaslowdowninthedemandforgoodsandservicesbecauseoflayoffsandspendingcutbacksfromthepreviousdownturn.Adouble-dip(oreventriple-dip)isaworst-casescenario.Fearthattheeconomywil

10、lmovebackintoadeeperandlongerrecessionmakesrecoveryevenmoredifficult.。3.MSCI:MorganStanleyCapitalInternational摩根士丹利资本国际。MSCIisaleadingproviderofinvestmentdecisionsupporttoolstoover5000clientsworldwide,rangingfromlargepensionplanstoboutiquehedgefunds.Itoffersarangeofproductsandservicesincludingindice

11、s,portfolioriskandperformanceanalytics,andgovernancetoolsfromanumberofinternationallyrecognizedbrandssuchasBarra,RiskMetricsandISS.SincetheMSCIindiceswerelaunchedover40yearsago,thecompanyhasgrownbothorganicallyandthroughacquisitiontobecomeoneoftheworldsleadingplayersintheprovisionofproductsandservic

12、estoinstitutionalinvestors.4.inflation:通货膨胀。Ineconomics,inflationisariseinthegenerallevelofpricesofgoodsandservicesinaneconomyoveraperiodoftime.Whenthegeneralpricelevelrises,eachunitofcurrencybuysfewergoodsandservices.Consequently,inflationalsoreflectserosioninthepurchasingpowerofmoneyalossofrealval

13、ueintheinternalmediumofexchangeandunitofaccountintheeconomy.Achiefmeasureofpriceinflationistheinflationrate,theannualizedpercentagechangeinageneralpriceindex(normallytheConsumerPriceIndex)overtime.5.taxbreaks:税收减免。Taxbreakisaslangtermreferringtoanyitemwhichreducestax,includinganytaxexemption,taxdedu

14、ction,ortaxcredit.TaxbreakisalsoapejorativetermusedintheUnitedStatestorefertopurportedlyfavorabletaxtreatmentofanyclassofpersons,asin“individualsgetataxbreakforxxx”.6.FederalReserve:美国联邦储备系统。FederalReserve,alsotheFederalReserveSystem(informallytheFred),isthecentralsystemoftheUnitedStates.Itwascreate

15、din1913withtheenactmentoftheFederalReserveAct,largelyinresponsetoaseriesoffinancialpanics,particularlyaseverepanicin1907.Overtime,therolesandresponsibilitiesoftheFederalReserveSystemhaveexpandedanditsstructurehasevolved.EventssuchastheGreatDepressionweremajorfactorsleadingtochangesinthesystem.Itsdut

16、iestoday,accordingtoofficialFederalReservedocumentation,aretoconductthenationsmonetarypolicy,superviseandregulatebankinginstitutions,maintainthestabilityofthefinancialsystemandprovidefinancialservicestodepositoryinstitutions,theU.S.government,andforeignofficialinstitutions.（英语：TheFederalReserveSyste

17、m或者FederalReserve，7.Investorstodayareshruggingoffnewsfarmoreominousthanthatwhichrattledthemearlierthisyear,fromthesoaringdebtyieldsintheeurozonesperipherytonewsofrisinginflationinChina.此句意为“对于诸如欧盟外围地区猛增的债务到中国通货膨胀加剧等这些年前让人坐立不安的不利消息，现在投资者对它们不屑一顾”。这个句子是一个含有比较状语从句的复杂句，than后的that指代news，用which带起了一个定语从句，fr

18、om后面的部分则为整句话的状语，限定了news的范围。8.Americasloosemonetarypolicyandconcernsaboutsovereigndefaultsintheeurozonewillencouragecapitaltoflowtoemergingeconomies,makingthelatterscentralbanksreluctanttoraiseinterestratesanddampendowninflation.此句意为“美国的宽松货币政策与欧元区对主权违约的关注将鼓励资本流入新兴经济国家，让后者的中央银行迟迟不顾提高利率和抑制通货膨胀”。这个句子的主句

19、为简单句，主语是由and连接的两个并列成分，逗号后的部分是现在分词作状语的用法。9.Anditbodesillforfinancialmarkets,sinceneitherEuropessticking-plasterapproachtotheeuronorAmericas“jamtoday,Godknowswhattomorrow”tacticwiththedeficitaresustainable.此句意为“这对金融市场也是个噩兆，因为不管是欧洲与欧元已经若即若离的关系，亦或是美国对于赤字“及时行乐”的政策，都已经无法持久”。在这个句子，逗号前的部分为主句，逗号后的部分是since引导的

20、原因状语从句，从句中neither.nor结构连接了从句的主语成分。Difficult pointsBasicknowledgeabouttheworldeconomy.Understandingofthreeeconomicpatternsoftheworld.Termsandorganizationsofeconomy.Lesson 2TheStateoftheWorldTradePre-reading questionsHowmuchdoyouknowabouttheworldtrade?WhatisthepositionofChinaintheworldtrade?Decideonwh

21、ichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsumupthemainideaofthetextafteryourfirstreading.lThetextmainlyintroducesthevaluesofthevariouskindsoftradedproductsandthedominantplayersforeachkind.()lThetextonlytellsusthecharacteristicsoftradeinfoodandagriculture.Words and Expressionsdominatev.控制，支配ambitiousadj.雄心壮志

22、的；耗资巨大的transmittern.变送器；发送器humbleadj.没有特别之处的spotv.注意到；发现piqueonescuriosity引起的好奇cargon.货物compositionn.构成部分rationalen.基本原理；根本原因superfluous adj.过剩的；多余的port n.港口stimulate vt.促进；激发alleviatevt.减轻；缓解distinguishingadj.明显的climaticadj.与气候相关的deficiencyn.缺乏；不足bulkyadj.庞大的；笨重的tariffn.关税accountfor(数量上，比例上)占pastan

23、.意大利面食cereal n.谷类食物horticultural adj.园艺的reverseadj.相反的，反向的endowment n.资助agro-foodn.农产品takeintoaccount考虑到，顾及到boostvt.使增长，使兴旺beshortof缺少Notes 1.TheEconomist:经济学人ItisanEnglish-languageweeklynewsandinternationalaffairspublicationownedbyTheEconomistNewspaperLtd.andeditedinofficesintheCityofWestminster,Lo

24、ndon,England.TheEconomistclaims“itisnotachronicleofeconomics.”Rather,itaims“totakepartinaseverecontestbetweenintelligence,whichpressesforward,andanunworthy,timidignoranceobstructingourprogress.”Ittakesaneditorialstancewhichissupportiveoffreetradeandglobalisation,alongwiththeexpansionofgovernmentheal

25、thandeducationspending,aswellasother,morelimitedformsofgovernmentalintervention.Ittargetshighlyeducatedreadersandclaimsanaudiencecontainingmanyinfluentialexecutivesandpolicy-makers.2.Ricardiantheory:李嘉图理论。DavidRicardo(19April1772-11September1823)wasanEnglishpoliticaleconomist,oftencreditedwithsystem

26、atizingeconomics,andwasoneofthemostinfluentialoftheclassicaleconomists,alongwithThomasMalthus,AdamSmith,andJohnStuartMill.HewasalsoamemberofParliament,businessman,financierandspeculator,whoamassedaconsiderablepersonalfortune.Perhapshismostimportantcontributionwasthelawofcomparativeadvantage,afundame

27、ntalargumentinfavoroffreetradeamongcountriesandofspecializationamongindividuals.Ricardoarguedthatthereismutualbenefitfromtrade(orexchange)evenifoneparty(e.g.resource-richcountry,highly-skilledartisan)ismoreproductiveineverypossibleareathanitstradingcounterpart(e.g.resource-poorcountry,unskilledlabor

28、er),aslongaseachconcentratesontheactivitieswhereithasarelativeproductivityadvantage.3.PaulKrugman:保罗克鲁格曼。PaulRobinKrugman,bornFebruary28,1953,isanAmericaneconomist,professorofEconomicsandInternationalAffairsattheWoodrowWilsonSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairsatPrincetonUniversity,CentenaryProfess

29、orattheLondonSchoolofEconomics,andanop-edcolumnistforTheNewYorkTimes.In2008,KrugmanwontheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicsforhiscontributionstoNewTradeTheoryandNewEconomicGeography.AccordingtotheNobelPrizeCommittee,theprizewasgivenforKrugmansworkexplainingthepatternsofinternationaltradeandthegeographicc

30、oncentrationofwealth,byexaminingtheimpactofeconomiesofscaleandofconsumerpreferencesfordiversegoodsandservices.KrugmanisknowninAcademiaforhisworkoninternationaleconomics(includingtradetheory,economicgeography,andinternationalfinance),liquiditytrapsandcurrencycrises.AccordingtotheIDEAS/RePEcrankings,h

31、eisthe15thmostwidelycitedeconomistintheworldtoday.4.OECD:OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment经济合作与发展组织，简称经合组织Itisaninternationaleconomicorganizationof34countriesfoundedin1961tostimulateeconomicprogressandworldtrade.Itdefinesitselfasaforumofcountriescommittedtodemocracyandthemarketeconom

32、y,providingaplatformtocomparepolicyexperiences,seekinganswerstocommonproblems,identifyinggoodpractices,andco-coordinatingdomesticandinternationalpoliciesofitsmembers.TheOECDsheadquartersareattheChateaudelaMuetteinParis,France.5.DohaRound:TheDohaDevelopmentRoundorDohaDevelopmentAgenda(DDA)isthecurren

33、ttrade-negotiationroundoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)whichcommencedinNovember2001.Itsobjectiveistolowertradebarriersaroundtheworld,whichwillhelpfacilitatetheincreaseofglobaltrade.Asof2008,talkshavestalledoveradivideonmajorissues,suchasagriculture,industrialtariffsandnon-tariffbarriers,services,and

34、traderemedies.ThemostsignificantdifferencesarebetweendevelopednationsledbytheEuropeanUnion(EU),theUnitedStates(US),andJapanandthemajordevelopingcountriesledandrepresentedmainlybyBrazil,China,India,Korea,andSouthAfrica.ThereisalsoconsiderablecontentionagainstandbetweentheEUandtheUSovertheirmaintenanc

35、eofagriculturalsubsidiesseentooperateeffectivelyastradebarriers.TheDohaRoundbeganwithaministerial-levelmeetinginDoha,Qatarin2001.SubsequentministerialmeetingstookplaceinCancun,Mexico(2003),andHongKong(2005).RelatednegotiationstookplaceinGeneva,Switzerland(2004,2006,2008);Paris,France(2005);andPotsda

36、m,Germany(2007).Themostrecentroundofnegotiations,23-29July2008,brokedownafterfailingtoreachacompromiseonagriculturalimportrules.Afterthebreakdown,majornegotiationswerenotexpectedtoresumeuntil2009.Nevertheless,intensenegotiations,mostlybetweentheUS,China,andIndia,wereheldintheendof2008inordertoagreeo

37、nnegotiationmodalities.However,thesenegotiationsdidnotresultinanyprogress.6.“Excludingintra-EUtradelowersworldagriculturalexportfiguresbyathirdfor2004.”除去欧盟内部之间的贸易份额，2004年的世界农业出口额将降低三分之一（这是一个由动名词做主语的简单句，理解这个句子的关键在于对单词“lower”词性的把握，同时，此句也考查了对英语分数的表达）。7.G20:二十国集团TheGroupofTwentyFinanceMinistersandCentr

38、alBankGovernors(G-20,G20,GroupofTwenty)isagroupoffinanceministersandcentralbankgovernorsfrom20majoreconomies:19countriesplustheEuropeanUnion,whichisrepresentedbythePresidentoftheEuropeanCouncilandbytheEuropeanCentralBank.Theirheadsofgovernmentorheadsofstatehavealsoperiodicallyconferredatsummitssince

39、theirinitialmeetingin2008.Collectively,theG-20economiescomprise85%ofglobalgrossnationalproduct,80%ofworldtrade(includingEUintra-trade)andtwo-thirdsoftheworldpopulation.TheG-20wasproposedbyformerCanadianFinanceMinisterPaulMartin(later,PrimeMinister)forcooperationandconsultationonmatterspertainingtoth

40、einternationalfinancialsystem.Itstudies,reviews,andpromotesdiscussion(amongkeyindustrialandemergingmarketcountries)ofpolicyissuespertainingtothepromotionofinternationalfinancialstability,andseekstoaddressissuesthatgobeyondtheresponsibilitiesofanyoneorganization.WiththeG-20growinginstaturesincethe200

41、8Washingtonsummit,itsleadersannouncedonSeptember25,2009,thatthegroupwillreplacetheG8asthemaineconomiccouncilofwealthynations.TheheadsoftheG-20nationshavemetsemi-annuallyatG-20summitssince2008.ThemostrecentwasheldinSeoulonNovember11-12,2010.Startingin2011,G-20summitswillbeheldannually.8.EU:EuropeanUn

42、ion欧洲联盟，简称欧盟TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isaneconomicandpoliticalunionof27memberstateswhicharelocatedprimarilyinEurope.TheEUhasdevelopedasinglemarketthroughastandardizedsystemoflawswhichapplyinallmemberstatesincludingtheabolitionofpassportcontrolswithintheSchengenarea.Itensuresthefreemovementofpeople,goods,s

43、ervices,andcapitaenactslegislationinjusticeandhomeaffairs,andmaintainscommonpoliciesontrade,agriculture,fisheriesandregionaldevelopment.9.G-10:GroupofTen:十国集团TheGroupofTenorG-10referstothegroupofcountriesthathaveagreedtoparticipateintheGeneralArrangementstoBorrow(GAB).TheGABwasestablishedin1962,when

44、thegovernmentsofeightInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)membersBelgium,Canada,France,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStatesandthecentralbanksoftwoothers,GermanyandSweden,agreedtomakeresourcesavailabletotheIMFfordrawingsbyparticipants,and,undercertaincircumstances,fordrawingsbynonp

45、articipants.TheGABwasstrengthenedin1964bytheassociationofSwitzerland,thenanonmemberoftheFund,butthenameoftheG10remainedthesame(G7+Belgium,theNetherlands,Sweden,Switzerland).ThefollowinginternationalorganizationsareofficialobserversoftheactivitiesoftheG10:TheBankforInternationalSettlements(BIS),Europ

46、eanCommission,IMF,andOECD.TheGroupofTensignedtheSmithsonianAgreementinDecember1971,replacingtheworldsfixedexchangerateregimewithafloatingexchangerateregime.Difficult pointsBasicknowledgeaboutthesituationoftheworldtrade.Knowledgeaboutfeaturesofproductsbeingtradedinspecificfield.Termsandorganizationso

47、feconomyLesson 3TradeandInnovationPre-reading questionsWhyisinnovationnecessaryfortrade?Canyougiveanexampleofinnovation?Decideonwhichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsumupthemainideaofthetextafteryourfirstreading.lThetextstatestherelationshipbetweentradeandinnovation.()lThetextmainlyfocusesonthewayofi

48、nnovationintelecommunication.Words and Expressionscatapultn.飞机弹射器serfn.农奴incentiven.动机recoupvi.获得补偿assemblevt.装配graphiccardn.显示卡semiconductor n.半导体foundryn.铸造厂cellulartelephonyn.移动电话handsetn.手机miniaturizationn.微型化orchestratevt.精心安排协调scatteredadj.分散的extrapolatevt.推断Notes 1.“Iwillignoreallideasforneww

49、orksandenginesofwar,theinventionofwhichhasreacheditslimitsandforwhoseimprovementIseenofurtherhope”.Suchaproclamationsoundsridiculouswhenwelookattheenginesofwarthatwereyettocome,butitsnotassillyasitsounds.“我对新的产品和军械都不感兴趣，这些东西的发明已经到达极限了，我看不到它们有什么改进的希望。”在我们还没有看到军械的发展时，这样的声明听起来可能有些荒谬，可事实上它却没有听起来那么愚蠢。eng

50、inesofwar可以理解为与战争有关的机械。ofwhich和forwhose是两个从句结构，都指代前句中提到的newworksandenginesofwar。yettocome根据语境理解为还没有到来。2.FDI:ForeignDirectInvestment外商直接投资Foreigndirectinvestmentisanyformofinvestmentthatearnsinterestinenterpriseswhichfunctionoutsideofthedomesticterritoryoftheinvestor.FDIrequiresabusinessrelationshipb