现代大学英语精读6-Lesson-1-How-to-Get-the-Poor-off-Our-Conscience课件.ppt

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1、How to Get the Poor off Our ConscienceJohn Kenneth GalbraithJohnKennethGalbraith(1908-2006)ACanadian-Americaneconomist,author,professor,presidentialcounselorandU.S.ambassadortoIndiaThe“lastAmericanInstitutionalist”anunabashedpopularizerofeconomics“TheAffluentSociety”(1958)MedalofFreedom,in19462000th

2、ePresidentialMedalofFreedom,theU.S.governmentshighestcivilianhonor.JohnKennethGalbraithAheterodoxeconomistintheAmericanestablishmentAnacademiccareeratHarvardUniversityWorksindeputyheadoftheOfficeofPriceAdministrationduringWorldWarII，whosedutyistokeepinflationfromcripplingthewareffortParticipationinp

3、olitics;servedintheadministrationsofFranklinD.Roosevelt,HarryS.Truman,JohnF.KennedyandLyndonB.Johnson;takespartincampaignsfordemocratpresidentialcandidatesStevenson,JohnF.Kennedy,EugeneMcCarthy,andMcGovernAmbassadorinIndiaunderKennedy,1961-19634hewasforcedoutinMay1943fromOPAandworkedforFortuneforfiv

4、eyearswhereheexpoundedKeynesianismtotheAmericanbusinessleadership.Hewasaverytallman,eventuallygrowingtoaheightof68(203cm).6PostwarYearsFebruary 1946-September 1946,workedforaseniorpositionintheStateDepartmentasdirectoroftheOfficeofEconomicSecurityPolicy.NominallyinchargeofeconomicaffairsregardingGer

5、many,Japan,Austria,andSouthKorea,theseniordiplomatsdistrustedhim,andhewasrelegatedtoroutineworkwithfewopportunitiestomakepolicy.favoreddtentewiththeSovietUnion,andwasoutofstepwiththeContainmentpolicythenbeingdevelopedbyGeorgeKennanandtheStateDepartmentspolicymakers.afrustratinghalfyearPolitical post

6、s under KennedyDuringhistimeasanadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,GalbraithwasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndiafrom1961to1963.rapportwithPresidentKennedyGalbraith,first from left,as US ambassador to India,1961LaterlifeandrecognitiontheMedalofFreedom,in1946fromPresidentTrumanIn1972heservedaspresid

7、entoftheAmericanEconomicAssociationIn1985,theAmericanHumanistAssociationnamedhimtheHumanistoftheYear.TheAssociationforAsianStudies(AAS)conferredits1987AwardforDistinguishedContributionstoAsianStudiesIn1997hewasmadeanOfficeroftheOrderofCanadaIn2000hewasawardedtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom.awarded

8、anhonorarydoctoratefromMemorialUniversityofNewfoundlandatthefallconvocationof1999.awardedin2000withtheLeontiefPrizeforhisoutstandingcontributiontoeconomictheorybytheGlobalDevelopmentandEnvironmentInstitute.ThelibraryinhishometownDutton,OntariowasrenamedtheJohnKennethGalbraithReferenceLibraryinhonoro

9、fhisattachmenttothelibraryandhiscontributionstothenewbuilding.In2001,hewonthePadmaVibhushan,Indiassecondhighestcivilianaward,forhiscontributionstostrengtheningtiesbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStates.Importantbooks(outofc.60)Importantbooks(outofc.60)American capitalism:The Concept of Countervailing Power

10、(1952)The Great crash(1954)The Affluent society(1958)The New industrial state(1967)The affluent society(1969)Money:Whence it came,where it went(1975)Economics and the public purpose(1973)The Nature of Mass Poverty(1979)The Anatomy of Power(1983)Economics in Perspective:A Critical History(1987)A Shor

11、t History of Financial Euphoria(1994)NumerousbooksabouthisMemoirs(egAnnals of an Abiding Liberal)13AliberaleconomistIntheamericansenseofliberal,whichcorrespondstoaEuropeanleft-wingorcenter-leftButhighlycriticalofeconomicliberalismandneoliberalism(cfbookonReaganomics,withMcCracken,1983)Positionsagain

12、sttheVietnamwar(breakwiththeDemocratpresidentLyndonJohnson,aftercontributingtotheGreatsocietyproject)14InfluencesThorstein Bunde Veblen,(July30,1857August3,1929)hisanalysisofconsumption,oftheleisureclass,thebusinessentrepriseandabsenteeownership,hiscriticismofneoclassicaleconomicsKeynes,histheoryofe

13、ffectivedemand,hisskepticalattitudetocapitalism,hisdefenseofstateinterventionintheeconomyAninstitutional economist15The role of the stateTheemergenceofcountervailingpowertothepreviousdominationofbigbusiness(tradeunions,government)(American capitalism,1952)Asituationofprivateaffluenceandpublicsqualor

14、intheamericaneconomy;essentialroleoftaxationtofinanceinfrastructureandeducation(The affluent society,1958)Acriticismofconventionalwisdomontheself-regulationofmarkets;mainstreameconomicsignorespower,andneglectsinequalities,itworksinfavoroftherich16The new industrial state(1967)Themodelofperfectcompet

15、itioncorrespondsonlytoasmallpartofamericaneconomy,whatdominatesistheindustrialstateofbigcorporationsThesebiglargefirmsplantheirproduction,theytrytoavoidthemarketCorporatepowerisinthehandsoftechnostructure,notofdispersedowners;ittriestomakethemarketmorepredictable,itstrivesforgrowth,notforprofitInflu

16、enceofthemilitaro-industrialcomplexConventionaleconomicshidesthepoweroflargecorporations17TheinvertedsequenceInconventionaleconomics,theinfluencegoesfromconsumerspreferencestoproduction:needsdirectwhatisproducedButincapitalismofgreatcorporationsweobserveaninvertedsequence:throughadvertisingandotherw

17、aysofconditioningspecificdemand,producersinfluenceconsumersThesovereigntyoftheconsumerisamyth(criticismofSamuelson)18Economics and the public purpose(1973)Themoderncapitalisteconomyisnotcorrectlydescribedbyconventional(neoclassical)economics,thatcorrespondsonlytothemarketsystemofsmallandmediumentrep

18、risesItmissesthedominantpartoftheeconomy,theplanningsystemoflargeentreprisesTheactualcapitalisteconomyisadualeconomy,withacoexistenceofmarketandplanningsystems,thelatterbeingmostinfluentTheimageofthemarketasbeingsimilartodemocracy(eachindividualvotingaccordingtohisdesires)isafallacy,itignorestherole

19、ofpowerandofthegreatcorporation19A short history of financial euphoria(1994)Theremarkablerecurrenceoffinancialbubblesandcrashesincapitalisteconomichistory,sincethe17thcenturyTheroleofvestedinterestinerrorthataccompaniesspeculativeeuphoriaTheshortcharacteroffinancialmemory;theideathatauniquenewsituat

20、ionhasemergedTheessentialroleofleverageinallfinancialbubbles20AtheorycorrespondingtoagivenperiodofthecapitalisteconomyThedominanceofthetechnostructureonshareholdershasbeenchallengedintheperiodofintensivefinancializationofcapitalisteconomies(startinginthe1980s)Owners(shareholders)haveincreasedtheirpo

21、werrelativetomanagersandworkersButGalbraithstheoryremainsanimportantcontributiontoheterodoxeconomics21“Economicsisextremelyusefulasaformofemploymentforeconomists”JKGalbraith22Discussion and Pre-class Works:Why do you think the author choose this title?What do you think of the gaps in wealth between

22、the rich and the poor?Is there any way to solve this problem?Detailedstudy:I(1-2):*Getthepooroffourconscience:conscience,asenseofrightandwrong,withanurgetodoright*intellectual:appealingtotheintellectII(3-9):*Thepoorsufferintheworldbut:inthenext,aftertheydie;whentheygotothenextworld,i.e.heavenorparad

23、ise*Thisis,insomeways,anadmirablesolution.:why?Anddoestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?(Discussaboutit)*“theprincipleofutility”:anartionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.*Povertybeingcausedinthebed:Povertywascausedbyoverproductionof

24、children.*overriding:Prevailing*TheAmericanBeautyRosecanbe:美国这朵玫瑰花后以其华贵让观众倾倒、赞不绝口。而她之所以能被培植出来，就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾给掐掉了。在经济生活中情况亦是如此。这是自然规律和上帝意志在起作用。III(10-11)WhatwastheRooseveltrevolution?Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Ishefororagainsttherevolution?Howdoyouknow?Howdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialmeasure

25、swereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?IV(12-20)Whatistheargumentofthefirstdesign?Essence?*Wehavegreatcorporatebureaucraciesrepletewithcorporatebureaucrats,(Whenthese,allbeeninthePantagon.):Whatisthebasicviewoftheauthor?Whatisthetoneofthisstatement?Whatistheseconddesign?Doestheauthoragreetot

26、heargument?Whatistheargumentofthethirddesign?Howdosetheauthorrefutethisargument?*corporateexecutive:企业经理人员*Beliefcanbetheservantoftruth-butevenmoreofconvenience:Beliefcanbeusedinthesearchfortruth.Butmoreoftenthannotitisacceptedbecauseitisconvenienceandself-serving.Whatisthefourthdesign?*Finally,when

27、allelsefails,weresorttosimplepsychologicaldenial:最终，当一切办法都无济于事时，我们就干脆装作没看见。*All,saveperhapsthelast,:save:(prep.)except*A.F.D.C.:对有未成年子女家庭的补助*foodstamps:食品券*WorkersCompensation:工人（失业）补助金*subsidizedhousing:住房补贴*disabilityinsurance:伤残保险*Cuttheknot,forthereisnowaytountieit:这是一堆解不开的疙瘩，只能快刀斩乱麻，统统取消。V(21)C

28、ompassion,istheleastcomfortable,theleastconvenientcourseofbehaviorandactioninourtime.:同情心，加上与之相关的社会努力是我们这个时代最麻烦、最令人不快的行为和行动方针。*Also,itis,intheend,themosttrulyconservativecourse.Totheextentthat,aboveall,shouldyearn.:Whydosetheauthorthinkitisthemosttrulyconservativecourse?Whydosetheauthorsay“Thereisno

29、paradoxhere”?Topic for Discussion:Is the problem of wealth gaps between the rich and the poor a world-wide problem?What do you suggest to release this problem?Stylistic analysis:(Whats the language features(Whats the language features of this article?)of this article?)Clues:Clues:*verbs,*verbs,*syntax,*syntax,*variation,*variation,*imagery in setting and *imagery in setting and characterization,characterization,*suspense,*suspense,etc.etc.Thank you!Good-bye!