《形合与意合》PPT课件.ppt
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1、Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseMeaning-focused with Meaning-focused with emphasis on emphasis on implicit coherence implicit coherence(隐性连贯隐性连贯)ParatacticParatactic语义型语言语义型语言(以意统形以意统形)EnglishForm-focused with Form-focused with emphasis on emphasis on explicit cohesionexplicit cohesion(显性
2、联接)(显性联接)HypotacticHypotactic形态型语言形态型语言(以形驭意以形驭意)Definition of HypotaxisHypotaxis:The dependent or subordinate construction of relationship of clauses with connectives,for example,I shall despair if you dont come(The American Heritage Dictionary)形合:以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系,如:要是你不来的话,我会失望的。美国传统语言大词典)Eng
3、lish:Hypotactic Ways English has clear-cut formal markers to indicate the relation between sentence components.They help make sentences compact and clearly defined.It is impossible to calculate the meaning though the relationships.Those markers include:1 Formal changes and coherence between subject
4、and predicate,as well as reference of pronouns.2 Relatives and conjunctions 3 PrepositionsEnglish:Hypotactic WaysBackCohesive TiesRelatives Conjunctions Prepositions Relative AdverbsRelative PronounCoordinate Subordinate Differences between Relatives and Conjunctions Relatives are used in connecting
5、 attributive,subject,object or predicative clauses,which are part of the main clause without which the main clause would be incomplete.n n关系词用来连接主语和定语,主语从句,宾语从关系词用来连接主语和定语,主语从句,宾语从句或表语从句。这些从句与主句关系紧密,是主句或表语从句。这些从句与主句关系紧密,是主句中的一个组成部分,缺少这些从句,主句就不句中的一个组成部分,缺少这些从句,主句就不完整。完整。n nConjunctions are used to co
6、nnect words,phrases,clauses or adverbial clauses,which are mutually independent.In particular,conjunction to adverbial clauses mark that adverbial clause is detachable form the main clause.请谈谈你对连接词的认识?英语重形合英语重形合,汉语重意合汉语重意合.n n跑得了和尚跑得了和尚,跑不了庙跑不了庙.n nThe monks may run away,The monks may run away,butbu
7、t the temple cannot run the temple cannot run away with him.away with him.n n一个英国人一个英国人,不会说中国话不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行有一次在中国旅行.n nAn Englishman An Englishman who who could not speak Chinese was once could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.traveling in China.n n那太阳那太阳,整天躲在云层里整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了现在又光芒四
8、射了.n nThe sun,The sun,whichwhich had hidden all day,now came out in full had hidden all day,now came out in full splendor.splendor.英语重形合英语重形合,汉语重意合汉语重意合.n n他不去我去他不去我去.n nId like to goId like to go if if he wouldnt.he wouldnt.n n他不去我也去他不去我也去.n nId go there Id go there even ifeven if he wouldnt to wit
9、h me.he wouldnt to with me.n n他不去我才去他不去我才去.n nId go there Id go there only ifonly if he wont.he wont.n n人穷志短人穷志短n nWhenWhen a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.(Poverty stifles a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.(Poverty stifles ambition.)ambition.)n n人穷志不短人穷志不短.n nThoughThoug
10、h one is poor,he has high ambition.one is poor,he has high ambition.n n人有脸人有脸,树有皮树有皮.n nThe face is The face is asas important to a man important to a man asas the bark to a tree.the bark to a tree.病来如山倒,病去如抽丝。Sickness comes like an avalanche,but goes like reeling silk.The position will not be given
11、 up so long as we are still living.人在阵地在。人无远虑,必有近忧。他人老心不老。Although he has aged physically,he remains young at heart.If one has no long-term considerations,he will find trouble at his doorstep.我来他已去。He had left when I arrived.(Condition 条件条件)(Contrast,Opposition 对照、转折对照、转折)(Time Order 时间先后时间先后)(Conce
12、ssion 让步让步)Please translate the following:你再说一个字,我马上走。If you should say one more word,I would go at once.你死了,我去当和尚。If you should die,I would go and be a monk.Chinese Paratactic:Chinese Paratactic:汉语意合的手段与规律汉语意合的手段与规律汉语意合的手段与规律汉语意合的手段与规律 汉语造句少用或不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯,注汉语造句少用或不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯,注意功能和意义,注重以意统形,介
13、词和连词常常可以省意功能和意义,注重以意统形,介词和连词常常可以省略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,用了反而显得多余,高名略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,用了反而显得多余,高名凯指出:凯指出:“汉人说话平常不喜欢用太多的没有基本意义汉人说话平常不喜欢用太多的没有基本意义的虚词,只是把事情或意思排列起来,让人去了解两个的虚词,只是把事情或意思排列起来,让人去了解两个事情两意思之间所发生的关系如何。事情两意思之间所发生的关系如何。意合规律:意合规律:1 1、语序、语序 (orderorder)2.2.反复(反复(repetitionrepetition)排比排比 (parallel)(parallel)对偶对偶
14、(couple)(couple)对照对照(antithesis)(antithesis)等等 3.3.紧缩句紧缩句 (compacted sentence)(compacted sentence)4.4.四字格四字格 (four letter fixed phrase)(four letter fixed phrase)Chinese Organization Law 汉语的意合规律汉语的意合规律Organization Law逻辑律 Logic Law心理律 Psycho.Law音韵律 Phonetic Law时间先后 Time Sequence因果关系 Cause-effect 时空大小
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