《形合意合与翻译》PPT课件.ppt

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1、从形合意合谈汉译英从形合意合谈汉译英On C-E Translationfrom the Perspective of Hypotaxis and ParataxisOutline 1Hypotaxis and Parataxis 2 Two Ways of Forming an English Sentence 3 Major Differences in Structure 4 Sentence Combination1 What are Hypotaxis and Parataxis?In general,hypotaxis is harmonyin form,andparataxisi

2、sharmonyinmeaning.1.1 The definition of hypotaxis Hypotaxis is thegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbutunequalconstructs(hypo=beneath,taxis=arrangement),i.e.,constructs playing an unequal role in asentence.A common example of syntacticexpression of hypotaxis is subordination in acomplexsent

3、ence.1.2 The definition of parataxis Parataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofcoordinatingratherthansubordinatingconjunctions.(from Greek for“act of placingsidebyside”;Para=beside+tassein=arrange).It is a literary technique,contrasted withhypotaxis.It is also use

4、d to describe a technique inpoetry in which two images or fragments arecoordinatedwithoutaclearconnection.Readers are then left to make their ownconnections implied by the paratactic syntax.EzraPound,inhisadaptationofChineseandJapanese poetry,made the coordination ofimagesanimportantpartofEnglishlan

5、guagepoetry.1.3 The three devices to form a sentenceWords are connected in three ways to form a sentence:syntactical devices,lexical devices and semantic devices.Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,and semanticdevicespertaintoparataxis.Thethreedevicesareusedinalllanguages,butsomear

6、eused more frequently in one language than in otherlanguages.For example,syntactical devices and lexicaldevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChinese;andsemanticdevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglish.Prof.Yang Ronggui had an investigation of A Dream in Red Mansions by counting hypot

7、axis sentences in thecorrespondingpartsoftheChineseversionandtheEnglishversion.According to the statistics,there are about onlyabout28%ofhypotaxissentencesintheChineseversion,and about 97%of hypotaxis sentences in the Englishversion.1.4 Professor Wang Lis argumentA famous linguist Wang Li(王力)is the

8、first Chinesescholar who presented the concept of hypotaxis andparataxis.HestatesinChinas Grammatical Theory(中国语法理论，商务印书馆1945年)thattheyaretwobasicmeans to form language.He holds that hypotaxis is ameans by which“loose”individual words are connectedinto“concentrated”phraseandfurtherdiscourse(throught

9、he change of word forms and connection of words);parataxisdependsonthemeaning,i.e.theinternallogicrelationshiptoformlanguage.Healsopointsoutthatthetwomeanscoexistinalanguagewithmoreemphasisonone than the other.Parataxis is more often used inChineseandhypotaxisisnotamust,whilehypotaxisismore often us

10、ed in Western languages,in whichconnectingmeansareindispensibleinmostcases.Professor Wang Li says,“The structure of Westernlanguagesislikesomethingconnectedbyrings.Thoughtheyareconnected,thetracesoflinkingarevisible.Ontheotherhand,the structure of the Chinese language is like aseamless heavenly robe

11、,which is pieced together withoutanytraces.”TheWesterngrammarishardandinelasticandthe Chinese grammar is soft and elastic.Because theWesterngrammarishard,therearemanystiffrequirementsin it,e.g.a subject is indispensible in a finite clause.TheChinese language is soft,so the main purpose of theChinese

12、grammaristoexpressmeaning,e.g.theobjectinthe preceding clause can be used as the subject of thefollowingclause.(他买了一辆车，是国产的。)Foranotherexample,tworelevantthingscanbepiecedtogetherwithoutanyconnectivewords.(他买了一辆国产车，我买了一辆进口车。/冬天来了，春天还会远吗？)1.5 Other scholars opinionsA famous American theorist of trans

13、lationEugineA.NidapointedoutinTranslating Meaningin1983,“ThemostimportantcontractbetweenChineseandEnglishishypotaxisandparataxis.”Some Chinese scholars compare Englishsentencestoatoweringtreewithmanybranches,abunch of grapes,or a string of pearls;they alsocompareChinesesentencestoabamboo,aplateofpea

14、rls,orwavesontheriver.Chinesesentencesareformedmainlybywayof overt coherence(显性连贯)through meaning.English sentences are formed mainly by way ofcovert cohesion(隐 性 呼 应)though formativedevices.1.6 Register and diachronic differencesOnthewhole,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinscientific,philosophical,la

15、w,andformalofficialwritings.Ontheotherhand,therearemoreparataxissentencesinliterarywritingsanddailyspeech.Diachronically,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinmodernChinesethaninancientChinese.Infact,modernChinesehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternlanguages,especiallyinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficia

16、lwritings.1.7 Advantages and disadvantages of hypotaxis and parataxisParataxisisusedmorefrequentlyinChinese.Therearemoresentenceswithnosubject,sentenceswiththesubjectomitted,moreactivevoicesentences,andfewer conjunctions in Chinese than in English.Therefore,theChineselanguageismore concise but more

17、dim in structure.Being more concise ispreferred in literary works and daily speech,and itsavestimeandspace,whichisespeciallyimportantinthe information age.Besides,it is a language moresuitable for poetry.However,being dim in structuresometimesmayleadtovaguenessormisunderstanding,which should be avoi

18、ded inscientific,philosophical,law,and formal officialwritings.Ontheotherhand,hypotaxisisusedmorefrequentlyinEnglish,inwhichpassivevoiceisoften used,subject is often a must,andconjunctionsandprepositionsarewidelyused.Therefore,English is more strict,clear and logical on the surface,and it is a langu

19、agemore suitable for scientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritings.However,itisnotasflexible and elastic as the Chinese language.Besides,ittakesupmorespacewhenprinted.2 Two Ways of Forming an English Sentence Coordination and subordination are ways ofcombining words,phrases,and clauses into

20、 morecomplexforms.Thediscussionbelowexaminescoordinationandsubordination of clauses.2.1 Coordination Coordination ofsentencesisagrammaticalstrategythattheideasintwoormoreINDEPENDENTCLAUSESare equivalent or balanced.Coordination can produceharmonybybringingrelatedelementstogether.Coordination usescoo

21、rdinating conjunctions(central coordinators are and,but,and or)orpunctuation(mainly semicolon,colon and dash)tocombine short independent clauses into a singlesentence.2.2 Subordination Subordination is a grammatical strategy that oneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotherideainthesamesentence.Tous

22、esubordination,youplacethemoreimportantideainanINDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclause)andthelessimportant(thesubordinate)ideainaDEPENDENTCLAUSE(finiteclauseornon-finiteclause).Subordination uses subordinating conjunctions(conjunctive pronouns,conjunctive adverbs,relativepronouns,relative adverbs)(e.g.that,w

23、ho,what,which,when,where,how,etc.)totransformindependent clauses(main clauses)into dependentclauses(subordinateclauses).Oritusesinfinitive,-ing participleored participletoformanon-finiteclause(includingabsoluteconstruction).2.3 Examples of coordination and subordination with different emphasisE.g.1.

24、Thegirlcried,andshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Acompoundsentenceorcoordinationgivesequalimportancetobothideas.)E.g.2.Thegirlcriedasshethrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Thesubordinateclausedownplaysthegirlsthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindowandshowshowtheactionofthrowingthegiftoutofthewindowrelatestotheactiono

25、fcrying.)E.g.3.Thegirlcried,throwingthegiftoutofthewindow.(Theparticipialphrasefurthersubordinatesthegirlsthrowingofthegiftoutofthewindow.)E.g.4.Crying,thegirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Theparticipialphrasemakestheactionofcryinglessimportantand emphasizes the action of throwing the gift out of thew

26、indow.)E.g.5.Thecryinggirlthrewthegiftoutofthewindow.(Adjectivesgivetheleastemphasistothegirlscrying.)2.4 Meanings in Compound Sentences with“and”Timesequence:Heopenedthedoor,andthenweenteredtherestaurant.Result:Hedroppedtheplateofpastaonmymap,andIletoutacryofpainandhorror.Contrast:Mysisterorderstea

27、,andIalwaystakecoffee.Concession:Therestaurantownerswanttoservegoodfood,andyettheyneverquitegeteverythingright.Condition:Theyhavetolearntomakebettercoffee,andthenIllbe happier./Go straight and youll see a church./Do thatagainandIllcallapoliceman.Similarity:Italian food required fresh vegetables,and

28、similarlySouthernfoodatitsbestdependsonfreshingredients.Pure addition:They serve pasta,and they also have a nicerangeofpizzas.Explanation:Theyhaveonlyonechoicetostayinbusiness-andthatstoimprovebothfoodandserviceimmediately.3 Major Differences in Structure3.1 Flowing-water sentences and run-on senten

29、ces（粘连句，不断句）E.g.1.不觉冬去春来，久困思动，今日醒来，阳光照屋，精神为之一振，扔在屋角的包袱一直未曾打开，趁天气晴朗，一把拎了过来，抖出冬天换下的衣裳，上面尚有点点雨渍雪痕，便将它摊在窗前晒起。-牡丹亭Beforeverylong,winterpassedandspringarrived.OnedaywhenLiuMengmeiwokeup，hewaspleasedtofindthattheroomfullofsunshine.Hehadlainonthebedforalongtimeandnowfounditbettertogetupandmovearound.Hejumpe

30、dupandtookupthebundlewhichhehadthrowninthecorneroftheroommanydaysago.Hiswinterclothesstillhadstainsofrainandsnowandhehungthemupbythewindowtodry.E.g.2.凭窗站了一会,微微的觉得凉意侵入。转过身来,忽然眼花缭乱。Standingatthewindowforawhile,I feltabitchilly.AsIturnedround,myeyessuddenlydazzledbeforethebrightlightandcouldnotseething

31、sdistinctly.E.g.3.在第一章首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源，然后在第二章讨论了浪漫主义的特点。?At first,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinchapterone,thenthecharacteristicsofromanticismarestudiedinchaptertwo.First,theoriginofromanticismisdealtwithinChapterOne,and then itscharacteristicsarestudiedinChapterTwo3.2 Adverbs or conjunctions?E.g.1

32、.他似乎并不想去，另外他的衣服也不够好。？Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere;besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere.Besides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.Heseemedtohavenodesiretogothere,andbesides,hisclotheswerenotgoodenough.E.g.

33、2.房价太高，而且地段也不太合适。？Thepriceistoohigh,moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh;moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh;moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh.Moreover,thehouseisntinasuitableposition.Thepriceistoohigh,andmoreover,thehouseisntinas

34、uitableposition.E.g.3.房子对我们来讲不够大，而且离城里太远。？Thehouseisntbigenoughforus,furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus;furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus.Furthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.Thehouseisntbigenoughforus,andfurthermore,itistoofarfromthetown.E.g.4.她说是这样

35、的，可是她错了。？Shesaiditwasso,however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso;however,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso.However,shewasmistaken.Shesaiditwasso,butshewasmistaken.（nevertheless与此同）E.g.5.一方面你收了她的礼物，另一方面你对全家都不礼貌。？Ononehandyouhaveacceptedherpresents,ontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.On the one hand y

36、ou have accepted herpresents;on the other(hand)you are rude to thewholefamily.On the one hand you have accepted herpresents.On the other(hand)you are rude to thewholefamily.On the one hand you have accepted herpresents,butontheother(hand)youarerudetothewholefamily.E.g.6.下雨了，比赛取消了。？Itrained，therefore

37、thegamewascalledoff.Itrained;thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained.Thereforethegamewascalledoff.Itrained,sothegamewascalledoff.E.g.7.他不努力，挂科了。？Hedidntstudyhard,thusfailedthetest.Hedidntstudyhard,and thusfailedthetest.E.g.8.他们聊了一会儿，然后上班去了。？Theychattedforawhile,thentheywenttowork.Theychattedforawhilea

38、ndthenwenttowork.3.3 With conjunctions and without conjunctionsE.g.1.他不来信，我不回信。Becausehedoesntwritetome,Idont/wontwriteback.Hedoesntwritetome,and Idontwritebacktohim.E.g.2.要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望。Wemustpromotescience,forthatiswhereourhopelies.E.g.3.善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。Agooddeedisnogooddeedifitisdoneforshow.An

39、evilisalltheworseif itiscoveredup.E.g.4.车未停稳，请勿上下。NevergetonoroffthebusbeforeitcomestoastandstillE.g.5.你来了，我走。Ifyoucome,Illleave.Whenyoucome,Illleave.Sinceyouhavecome,Imleaving.3.4 topic-prominence and subject/object prominenceE.g.1.全国全国到处都在兴建新的工厂。?Thewholecountryisbuildingnewfactories.Newfactoriesa

40、rebeingbuiltalloverthecountry.E.g.2.刚才校门口校门口发生了一起交通事故。？Theschoolgatehappenedatrafficaccidentjustnow.Atrafficaccidenthappenedattheschoolgatejustnow.E.g.3.三十年来中国中国发生了巨大的变化。？Chinahastakenplacedgreatchangesinthelast30years.Greatchangeshavetakenplacedin China inthelast30years.E.g.4.听到这个消息，她的手都在发抖。？Hearin

41、gthenews,her handsweretrembling.Whensheheardthenews,herhandsweretrembling.E.g.5.往窗外一看，有几个学生在打篮球。？Lookingoutofthewindow,thereweresome studentsplayedbasketball.Lookingoutofthewindow,Isawsomestudentsplayingbasketball.E.g.6.首先讨论了浪漫主义的起源，最后讨论了浪漫主义的影响。?AtFirstdiscussestheoriginofromanticism,at last dealsw

42、iththeinfluenceofromanticism.First,theoriginofromanticismisdiscussed,andfinally/in the enditsinfluenceisdealtwith.E.g.7.不了解中国的第一手资料是一大遗憾。?DonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.It isagreatpitythatyoudonotknowChinafirsthand.ThatyoudonotknowChinafirsthandisagreatpity.Not knowingChinafirsthandisagreatpity

43、.E.g.8.酒不喝了。Idontfeellikedrinkinganymore.E.g.9.只有勤奋才能取得好成绩。Agoodscoredependsondiligence.E.g.10.今天食堂食堂吃饺子。Jiaozi areservedin the canteentoday.E.g.11.叉子叉子吃不好。Icanteatwellwith a fork.E.g.12.从历史上看，每个时代的人类互不相同，没有所谓共同的“人性”。Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommanin

44、previoustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled“humannature”.E.g.13.他开车心不在焉，几乎肇事。Hisabsentmindduringthedrivingnearlycausedanaccident.E.g.14.午夜空气凉爽，她又振作了精神。Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits.E.g.15.欲购从速。Wastenotimeifyouwanttobuyit.E.g.16.电影糟透了，劝你

45、别看。？Filmisverybad,Iadviseyounotsee.The filmisverybad,andIadviseyounotseeit.ThefilmissobadthatIadviseyounotseeit.3.5 Marked nouns and unmarked nounsE.g.1.马是有用的动物。？Horseisusefulanimal.A horse isausefulanimal.Horsesareusefulanimals.The horse isausefulanimal.E.g.2.我每天早上都一样，洗脸，刷牙，吃早点，然后去上班。？Iamthesameeve

46、ryday,washface,brushteeth,havebreakfast,thengotowork.Everydayisthesametome:Iwashmyface,bushmyteeth,havemy breakfast,and thengotowork.E.g.3.他到图书馆借书去了。？Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowbook.Hehasgonetothelibrarytoborrowabook/somebooks.4 Sentence CombinationTherearethreemajorwaystocombinedifferentpartsinto

47、onesentence.1.Usingcoordinatorssuchas“and,or,but”.2.Usingsubordinatorssuchas“when,which,who,what,whose,that,when,where,”.3.Usingnon-finiteforms.Thefollowingisadiagramtoshowhowasentencecanbeconstructed.Example:我坐在椅子上看电视。IsatinthechairandwatchedTV.IsatinthechairwhenIwatchedTV.Isatinthechair,watchingTV

48、Exercises:1.WaldenPondisnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.ItwasoncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty.2.Jimstoodinfrontofthemirror.Helookedathisimage.Hewonderedatthebigchange.Ithadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.3.Hespreadarumourthatthepresidentwasgoingtoresign.Therumourledtoagreatconfusioninthecountry.4.Stam

49、p-collectingisoneofthemostcommonformsofcollecting.Stamp-collectingisahobby.Manypeoplecarryonthehobbyforyearsandsomepeopleforlife.5.Theastronautslearntsomething.Whattheylearntwashowtodealwithanenvironment.Intheenvironmentthereisneitherweightnorgravity.6.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow.The

50、snowfedtwostreams.Thesestreamsplungeddowntojoininthevalleybelow.7.Tomcametothepartyinpatchedjeans.Thissurprisedtheotherguests.Mostoftheguestswerewearingeveningdress.8.TelevisioncanhelpustoseethepatternofAmericanlife.Televisioncanhelpustounderstandtheevents.Theeventscanuniteusordivideus.9.Philipreach