大学英语四级ppt课件：语法.ppt

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1、大学英语四级大学英语四级-语法篇语法篇王王 颖颖时态复习时态复习 时时 态态 l时间状语从句当中的时态：l一般过去时所有的过去l用 一般现在时表示现在和将来l现在完成时现在完成和将来完成非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词-不定式不定式 l1)形式形式l主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式一般式一般式 to do to be done完成式完成式 to have done to have been done进行式进行式 to be doing 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doingla)完成式完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与通常与主

2、要谓语表示的动作主要谓语表示的动作(状态状态)同时同时(或几乎同时或几乎同时)发生发生,或是在它之后发生或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓在谓语所表示的动作语所表示的动作(状态状态)之前发生之前发生,就要用不定式的完就要用不定式的完成式成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretende

3、d not to have seen me.lb)进行式进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作如果主要谓语表示的动作(状状态态)发生时发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.lc)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不

4、定式的完成进行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.ld)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.l2

5、)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.l3)不带不带to 的不定式的不定式:la)在在“动词动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式”结构中结构中,如果动如果动词是表示感觉意义的词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smel

6、l,feel,notice等等,或是表示或是表示“致使致使”意义的意义的 have,make,let等等,其后的不定式结构不带其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.l这类结构转换为被动语态时这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带后面的不带to 的的不定式一般还原为带不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.lb)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,can

7、notbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.Idrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.lc)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.（一顿咒骂）Iveheardtellofhim.（听说、听到）ld)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后

8、可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?le)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.Theresnochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.lf)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewant

9、edtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.l出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.lg)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(

10、to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.l4)不定式的其他用法la)tooto结构通常表示否定意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.lenoughto结构则表示肯定意义:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.lnottoo,b

11、uttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hesonlytoopleasedtohelpher.lsoas(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.lb)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.l在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,w

12、rong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.Itsveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.Itsunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.动名词动名词l具有动作性特征的名词具有动作性特征的名词l1)是名词seeingisbelievingl2)具有动

13、词性特征可以带宾语一)动名词的形式:l一般形式：Idontlikeyousmoking.l完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.l被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.二)动名词常考的点l1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数动名词做主语谓语动词为单数l2)在动名词和不定式中在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词做为介词的宾语是动名词l3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.lIwouldappreciate_backt

14、hisafternoonlAyoutocallByoucallCyoucallingDyourecalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）lIregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4)有些词后只能接动名词ladmit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;canth

15、elp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand.另外还有一些接另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法形式的常用说法litsnogood;itsno/little/hardlyany/use;itsnot/hardly/scarcelyuse;itsworthwhile;spendmoney/time;theresno;ther

16、esnopointin;theresnothingworsethan;whatstheuse/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可lremember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式和后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。形式，意义截然不容。lI remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)lI remembered posting/having posting the letters(我记得这个动作)lforgot与remember的用法类似。lI regret to inform you th

17、at 我很遗憾地通知你lI regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。ltry to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.ltry ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.lI mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。lTo raise wage means increasing purchasing power.意味着赠加工资

18、意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：的用法：l我宁愿在这里等。lI prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）lI prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）lI prefer swimming to cycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）分分 词词l3.分词l1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozenfoodafreezingwindaboredtravelleraboringjourneyalostca

19、usealosingbattleaconqueredarmyaconqueringarmyafinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouchthespokenwordaspeakingbirdaclosedshoptheclosinghourarecordedtalkarecordingmachinel来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,d

20、epartedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitorsl用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.l2)句法作用la)作定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区l分词还可构成合成词作定

21、语:simply-furnishedroom陈设简单的房间,clear-cutanswer明确的答复,highly-developedindustry高度发展的工业,heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造卫星lb)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.lmake,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I

22、havemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.llike,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:Idontwantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewontlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.lc)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywento

23、nwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.l过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.l有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.l间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,

24、wecanseethisistotallywrong.l偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.虚拟语气虚拟语气条件句1/11/2023三种基本形式三种基本形式lIfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)lIfhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时)lIfIshould/were

25、todotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(从句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)if的省略的省略l1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.l2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.l3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.If onlylIfonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.lIfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.lIFon

26、lyhedidntdrivesofast.lIfonlyhehadaskedsomeonesadvice.lIfIcouldonlygototheconcert.lIfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.I wishlIwishIknewtheanswer.lIwishIhadknowntheaddress.lIwishIwereyoung.lIwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.lIwishedIknewhisaddress.(发生在过去=IwassorryIdidntknowhisaddress.)lIwishedIwereyoung

27、.(=IwassorryIwasnotyoung.)Would ratherlIwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.lIdratheryoucametomorrow.lIdrather(that)hepainteditblue.lIwould(just)assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome.It is(high)time that.lItistimewe_(leave).lItistimewe_(go)tobed.lItshightimethatyouwereinbed.lItsabouttimeweleft.Its importan

28、t that.lItisimportantthatwe_(speak)politely.lItisimperativethatwe_(practice)criticismandself-criticismlstrange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriatecompulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要的),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willingI

29、insist thatlIinsistthatwe_(go)therebybus.lHesuggestedthatwe_(leave)early.lThejudgeorderedthattheprisoner_(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.这些动词和名词后的从句为这些动词和名词后的从句为should+Vladvise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insiste

30、nce),order,request,requireprefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desirel(stipulation),allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,commandMy suggestion.lMysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.lOuronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbe

31、settledassoonaspossible.lrequestcommand necessityimportancemotionproposalresolutionrecommendationunderstandingbut for,otherwise,withoutlThestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.lIusedmycalculator;otherwiseIdhavetakenmuchlonger.lSupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?lWithoutyoutime

32、lyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.情态动词情态动词l情态动词（modelverb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后常跟不带to的不定式。1.情态动词的一般用法：情态动词的一般用法：l(1)表示能力:can,could,beabletolHe is over 80 but still can read withoutglasses.lShecould

33、ntcomeyesterday.lHecantcometomorrow.lcan/could与beableto用法比较l1）beableto除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing形式等。lThisistheinformationIvebeenabletogetsofar.lTobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.lJustbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisntmuchhelptous.l2)could表示过去总的、经常性的能力；was/wereableto表示过去具体情况下具有的能力，并且做了

34、某动作。lHecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway.l3)表示将来的能力常用willbeableto.lWhenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?(2)表示许可：表示许可：can/could,may/might;cant,maynot,mustnt,mustnotl1)征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式场合，can用于非正式场合，could用于客气的询问，might极少用。lYoucangoatfouroclock.lCouldIborrowyour

35、pen?lStudentsmaytake3bookseach.lMightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?l2)表示“不允许”用cant,maynot,mustnt；mustnot语气重。lYoucantleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.lPutthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!l3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其他表达方式。lWehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.l但在间接

36、引语中表达过去“许可”，可用could，might。lThenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.(3)表示可能性：表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;cantl1）may,might用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。lWhyisntJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.lmaybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybeheissick.l2)在日常口语中常用can/could表示“可能”。lYou can/could walk for mil

37、es in the country without meetinganyone.lCanthenewsbetrue?No,itcantbetrue.l3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用cant表示“肯定不”、“必定不会”。lYoumustbehungryafteralongwalk.lThephoneisringing,butthereisnoanswer.Shecantbeathome.（4）表示必须和需要：）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,needl1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用neednt“不必”。lYoumustbehereatnineocloc

38、k.lMustyougosoon?No,Ineedntgoyet.l2)haveto表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。lIhavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.lWedonthavetowearuniformsinschool.ll口语中常用havegotto表示“必须”。lIhavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.l3)need表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。lNeedhegonow?Yes,hemust.Noh

39、eneednt.llneed常用作实义动词。lYouneedtolearnthevalueoftime.lYoudidntneedtotellhimthenews.lDoessheneedtogo?l（5）表示责任和劝告）表示责任和劝告:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter l1)用should和oughtto表示责任和劝告，后者的语气重些lYoushould/oughttodoasyouaretold.lSuchthingsshouldnt/oughtnottobeallowed.l2)有时也用must表示责任和劝告。lYoumustseethemovie.Itswon

40、derful.l3)口语中也常用hadbetter表示劝告，意为“最好做/不做某事”。lYouhadbettertakecareofyourself.lYoudbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.lHadntyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?（6）表示建议：）表示建议：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell l1)“shallI/we”表示征求对方对建议的看法。lShallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?lLetsgo,shallwe?l2)may/mightaswell,may/m

41、ightjustaswell表示推荐更佳方案，建议另一种做法，意为“倒不如”，“不也一样吗？”。lWemayaswellstayheretonight.lYoumightjustaswelltellthetruth.(7)表示许诺：表示许诺：shalllshall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的许诺。lYoushallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.lIfhepassestheexam,heshallhaveaholiday.(8)表示意愿：表示意愿：shall,will/wouldl1)you/he/theyshall表示说话人的强烈意愿，甚至威胁。lYoushallpay

42、forthis.lTheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.ll在法律条文、规章制度中，shall表示“必须”。lEachcompetitorshallwearanumber.l2)will/would表示动作者愿意。lIwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.lIwontdoitagain.lIhavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywontturn.ll“willyou/wouldyou”在下列句中表示客气的建议、询问。lWillyoupleasehaveadrink?lWouldyoupleasepassmethesa

43、lt?lWouldyoulikeacupoftea?lWouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?lWouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?llwould还表示过去的习惯。等于usedtolOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.l(9)表示勇敢：表示勇敢：dare ldare表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。lHedarenottry.lHowdareyouopentheletter?lIfyoudaresayaword,Illstrikeyoudo

44、wn.lldare还常用作实义动词。lHedaretosurfinheavywaters.lldaresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.lIdaresayhewillcomehomelate.2.情态动词的特殊用法情态动词的特殊用法l（1）情态动词+不定式完成时l1）can/could,may/might,must+have+动词的过去分词l用于肯定句：表示对过去事件的主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”已发生。lTomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.IsawhimusingitlastSunday.lI cant find

45、 my sunglasses.I may/might have left them at therestaurantyesterday.lYouscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.Youmusthavehadaterribledream.l用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”没有发生。lShecouldnthavefinishedherworksosoon.lShemaynothaveseenyou.lDadmustnthavewashedthedisheslastnight.l2)should/oughtto+have+动词的过去分词。l用于肯定句

46、：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做的动作，意为“本应该”。lI didnt ask her.Its a pity.You should haveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.l用于否定句：评论过去“不应该做”而实际做了的动作，意为“本不应该”。lIonlytoldMike.Youshouldnthavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.l3)neednt+have+动词的过去分词l对过去已经发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”。lIneednthaveputonmybestsuittogototh

47、eparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.lWewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.Oh,soyouneednthavegone.(2)情态动词情态动词+不定式进行时不定式进行时 l表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。lShemaybewashingherclothes.lHecantbeworkingnow.lHemustbestudyinginthelibrary.lTheyshouldntbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.(3)情态动词情态动词+不定式完成进行

48、时不定式完成进行时l情态动词+havebeen+动词的现在分词，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。lHemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.lShemusthavebeenworkingthen.lShe should have been attending a meetingyesterdaymorning.lTheyshouldnthavebeenchattingwhileworking一致关系一致关系在在There be 句型中句型中lThereisnosmokewithoutfire.lTheresee

49、mstobelittletimeleft.lThere,here结构中,如果主语有好几个,谓语动词与最邻近的主语一致。lTherewasaTVset,aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf.lHereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.在倒装结构中在倒装结构中lIneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.lHerecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.as well as,not to mention,along wi

50、th+名词名词句子中句子中lUnemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.l主语后若跟有accompaniedby,asmuchas,besides,except(but),inadditionto,including,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith名词，不影响其与谓语动词的关系。下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修