《测控专业英语》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Professional English for Measurement and ControlProfessional English for Measurement and Control测控专业英语测控专业英语 孟孟 浩浩1.Introduction 1.Introduction（引言引言）u1.1 1.1 什么是专业英语什么是专业英语u1.2 1.2 为什么学习专业英语为什么学习专业英语u1.3 1.3 课程的学习内容及基本要求课程的学习内容及基本要求1.1 1.1 什么是专业英语什么是专业英语 普通英语（普通英语（Common English,Ordinary EnglishComm

2、on English,Ordinary English）科技英语（科技英语（English for Science and TechnologyEnglish for Science and Technology）专业英语专业英语 （English for Special Science and TechnologyEnglish for Special Science and Technology）p 是结合各自专业的科技英语是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。与专业内容配合更为密切。p 隶隶属属于于科科技技英

3、英语语 是是科科技技英英语语的的一一部部分分，以以表表达达科科技技概概念念、理理论论与与事事实实为为主主要要目目的的。遵遵守守科科技技英英语语的的语语法法体体系系和和翻翻译译方方法法;特特别别注注重重客客观观事事实和真理实和真理，表达，表达准确、精练和正式准确、精练和正式。1)1)Some Some operating operating clearanceclearance must must exist exist between between the piston and the cylinder wall.the piston and the cylinder wall.在活塞和气缸

4、壁之间必须存在一定的操作在活塞和气缸壁之间必须存在一定的操作间隙间隙。2)2)The The result result of of calculation calculation with with antiferromagnetics antiferromagnetics shows shows that that the the compound compound has has the the minus minus magnetic magnetic momentmoment because of itinerant electron magnetism.because of iti

5、nerant electron magnetism.反铁磁计算的结果表明，由于巡游电子磁力的存在，反铁磁计算的结果表明，由于巡游电子磁力的存在，使化合物具有负的使化合物具有负的磁矩磁矩。1.1 1.1 什么是专业英语什么是专业英语 1.1.科研信息获取科研信息获取 2.2.研究成果展示研究成果展示 3.3.国际交流合作国际交流合作 p 当当前前大大部部分分资资料料都都可可以以通通过过互互联联网网传传播播，而而这这些些资资料料中中9090以以上上都是英语。都是英语。p 世世界界上上科科技技情情报报资资料料的的交交流流主主要要靠靠使使用用英英语语：BookBook,Journal Journal

6、PaperPaper,Technique Technique ReportReport,Government Government PublicationPublication,PatentPatent,Technique Technique StandardStandard,Degree Degree DissertationDissertation,Sample Sample BookBook,DirectionsDirections,Technique ManualTechnique Manual,etc.,etc.专业英语阅读能力专业英语阅读能力p 申报国家奖项申报国家奖项p 申请专利

7、申请专利p 发表学术论文：发表学术论文：8585以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的。以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的。专业英语写作能力专业英语写作能力专业英语表达、听说、应变能力专业英语表达、听说、应变能力1.2 1.2 为什么学习专业英语为什么学习专业英语 序号序号内内 容容基本要求基本要求学时学时1专业英语概论专业英语概论专业英语特点：语法特点、词汇特点；符号、公式及图表；专业英语阅读与翻译的标准、过程与基本技巧。掌握专业英语的特点，掌握专业英语中出现频率较高的各种公式、符号以及图表的表述，熟悉专业英语的阅读技巧、翻译过程与基本方法。62阅读有关机械工程学、测量理论、信号处理及控制理论的

8、文献资料。掌握与机械工程学、测量理论、信号处理及控制理论有关的常用专业词汇与习惯表述。163英语科技论文的写作英语科技论文的写作1.科技论文写作基础：科技论文的特点、构成与写作要点。2.科技论文写作常用语体、句型以及英文摘要的写作。具备英语科技论文的写作基础，初步掌握英语科技论文摘要写作。24阅读有关计算机科学、执行机构、测控领域新技术相关的文献资料。掌握与计算机科学、执行机构、测控领域新技术有关的常用专业词汇与习惯表述。8总计321.3 1.3 课程的学习内容及基本要求课程的学习内容及基本要求 开卷考试：开卷考试：平时平时30%30%（作业平时考核）（作业平时考核）期末考试期末考试70%70

9、%课程的考核形式课程的考核形式2.Features of Professional English2.Features of Professional English（特点特点）u2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）u2.2 Rhetoric Features 2.2 Rhetoric Features（修辞特点修辞特点）u2.3 Vocabulary Features2.3 Vocabulary Features（词汇特点词汇特点）u2.4 Symbol and Formula2.4 Symbol and Formula（符号

10、与公式符号与公式）客观性（客观性（ObjectivityObjectivity）、准确性（）、准确性（AccuracyAccuracy）和和精练性（精练性（ConcisenessConciseness）。1.1.广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语态2.2.广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 3.3.省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁 4.It4.It句型和祈使句使用频繁句型和祈使句使用频繁5.5.复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁6.6.后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多 2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）1.1.广泛使用被动

11、语态广泛使用被动语态 （ObjectivityObjectivity）p 主体主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；个人的主观臆断；p 中中心心是是客客观观现现象象及及事事物物本本身身，而而非非动动作作的的发发出出者者，把把论论证证说说明明的的对对象象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。1)1)Surface Surface grinding grinding machines machines are are designedd

12、esigned primarily primarily for for grinding flat surfaces.grinding flat surfaces.表面磨床最初是设计用来磨削平面的。表面磨床最初是设计用来磨削平面的。2)2)Instrument Instrument transformerstransformers are are installedinstalled on on the the high-voltage high-voltage equipment.equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上。互感器安装在高压设备上。2.1 Grammar Features 2

13、.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）3)Electric power 3)Electric power is generatedis generated in power generating stations or plants.in power generating stations or plants.电是在发电站或发电厂产生的电是在发电站或发电厂产生的 。4)4)The The meters meters are are calibratedcalibrated and and the the scale scale is is designeddesigned

14、to to read read the the value of the desired unit.value of the desired unit.仪表要被校准并设计相应的刻度仪表要被校准并设计相应的刻度 ，以便读出所需单位的数值。，以便读出所需单位的数值。5)5)Electrical Electrical energy energy can can be be storedstored in in two two metal metal plates plates separated separated by by an an insulation insulation medium.m

15、edium.Such Such a a device device is is calledcalled a a capacitor,capacitor,and and its its ability ability to to store store electrical electrical energy energy is is termedtermed capacitance.capacitance.It It is is measuredmeasured in Farads.in Farads.电能可以储存在由绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容电能可以储存在由绝缘介质隔

16、开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。器，它储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）2.2.广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式（ConcisenessConciseness）非非谓谓语语动动词词（动动名名词词、分分词词、动动词词不不定定式式）在在句句子子中中可可以以起起到到名词、形容词或副词作用。名词、形容词或副词作用。(1)(1)动名词动名词 u 用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间从句用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间从句 1)1)

17、The signal should be filtered The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.before it is amplified.The signal should be filtered before The signal should be filtered before being amplifiedbeing amplified.放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波2)2)We We must must do do various various experiments experim

18、ents before before a a new new electronic electronic product is designedproduct is designed.Before Before designingdesigning a a new new electronic electronic product product we we must must do do various various experiments.experiments.在设计一个新的电子产品之前，必须做各种实验在设计一个新的电子产品之前，必须做各种实验 2.1 Grammar Features

19、 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）u 用动名词短语做主语用动名词短语做主语 3)3)Changing Changing resistanceresistance is is a a method method for for controlling controlling the the flow of the current.flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法 4)4)Conducting Conducting electricityelectricity means means the the flo

20、w flow of of electrons electrons through an object.through an object.导电就是电子在物体内的流动导电就是电子在物体内的流动 2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）2.2.广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式（ConcisenessConciseness）(2)(2)分词分词 u 过去分词过去分词短语替代从句中的短语替代从句中的被动语态被动语态u 现在分词现在分词短语替代从句中的短语替代从句中的主动语态主动语态 1)1)The The power power sup

21、ply,supply,which which is is shownshown in in block-diagram block-diagram in in Fig.1,is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.Fig.1,is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.The The power power supply supply shownshown in in block-diagram block-diagram in in Fig.1 Fig.1 is is a a single-phase switch-mod

22、e inverter.single-phase switch-mode inverter.图图1 1中框图表示电源是一个单相开关型逆变器。中框图表示电源是一个单相开关型逆变器。2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）2.2.广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式（ConcisenessConciseness）2)2)A A three-phase three-phase circuit,circuit,as as it it was was pointed pointed outout above,above,is is merely

23、 merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.a combination of three single-phase circuits.A A three-phase three-phase circuit,circuit,as as pointed pointed outout above,above,is is merely merely a a combination of three single-phase bination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是

24、三个单相电路的组合。正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。3)3)The The transistor,transistor,which which is is workingworking with with correct correct polarities,polarities,can can work as an amplifier.work as an amplifier.The The transistor transistor working working with with correct correct polarities polarities ca

25、n can work work as as an an amplifier.amplifier.工作于正确极性下的晶体管，可作为放大器使用。工作于正确极性下的晶体管，可作为放大器使用。2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）用不定式短语来替代表示用不定式短语来替代表示目的目的和和功能功能的从句或语句。的从句或语句。(1)(1)The The capacity capacity of of individual individual generators generators is is larger larger and and l

26、arger larger so so thatthat the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.The The capacity capacity of of individual individual generators generators is is larger larger and and larger larger to to satisfysatisfy the increasing demand of el

27、ectric power.the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的是为了满足不断增长的用电需求。单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的是为了满足不断增长的用电需求。(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is The function of a fuse is to protectto protect a circuit.a circuit.保险丝的

28、作用就是保护电路。保险丝的作用就是保护电路。2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）(3)(3)不定式不定式 2.2.广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式（ConcisenessConciseness）3.3.省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁（ConcisenessConciseness）省省略略成成分分：状状语语从从句句中中的的主主语语、谓谓语语（全全部部或或部部分分）；定定语语从从句句中中的的关关系系代词（代词（whichwhich和和thatthat）、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。）、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代

29、从句。1)1)If If it it isis possible,possible,the the open-loop open-loop control control approach approach should should be be used in this system.used in this system.If If possiblepossible,the the open-loop open-loop control control approach approach should should be be used used in in this system.thi

30、s system.2)2)As As isis illustratedillustrated in in Fig.1,Fig.1,there there is is a a feedback feedback element element in in the the closed-loop system.closed-loop system.As in Fig.1As in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop sy

31、stem.如图如图1 1所示，该闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。所示，该闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。可能的话，该系统应该使用开环控制法。可能的话，该系统应该使用开环控制法。2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）3)3)The The device device includes includes an an instrument instrument transformer transformer and and a a relay relay system system which haswhich has two circuits i

32、n it.two circuits in it.The The device device includes includes an an instrument instrument transformation transformation and and a a relay relay systemsystem withwith two circuits in it.two circuits in it.该装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。该装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。As already discussed As already discussed 前已

33、讨论前已讨论As explained before As explained before 前已解释前已解释As described above As described above 如上所示如上所示If possible(necessary)If possible(necessary)如果可能（必要）如果可能（必要）其它常用的省略形式：其它常用的省略形式：If so If so 倘若如此倘若如此As previously mentioned As previously mentioned 前已提到前已提到When needed(necessary,feasible)When needed(n

34、ecessary,feasible)必要时必要时Where feasible Where feasible 在实际可行的场合在实际可行的场合Where possible Where possible 在可能的情况下在可能的情况下2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）It It句型句型：it it 充当形式主语，避免句子充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻头重脚轻”u It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to It is very important(po

35、ssible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to u It takes very much time learning It takes very much time learning u It is clear(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)that It is clear(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)that u It happened that It happened that u It must be admitted that It must be admitte

36、d that祈使句祈使句:无主语，精炼。无主语，精炼。u Let A be equal to B.Let A be equal to B.设设A A等于等于B B。u Consider a high-pressure chamber.Consider a high-pressure chamber.假设有一个高气压气候室。假设有一个高气压气候室。2.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）4.It4.It句型和祈使句使用频繁句型和祈使句使用频繁（Accuracy and ConcisenessAccuracy and Concisene

37、ss）1)1)It It has has been been mentioned mentioned above above that that the the electrons electrons in in a a metal metal are are able able to to move move freely freely through through the the metal,metal,that that their their motion motion constitutes constitutes an an electric electric current c

38、urrent in in the the metal metal and and thatthat they they play an important part in conduction of heat.play an important part in conduction of heat.前面已经提到：金属中的电子能够自由移动，电子的移动形成了电流，前面已经提到：金属中的电子能够自由移动，电子的移动形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句。为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句。2.1 Gramma

39、r Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）5.5.复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁（Accuracy Accuracy）2)2)The The reluctance reluctance motor motor operates operates synchronously synchronously at at a a speedspeed whichwhich is is determined determined by by the the supply supply frequency frequency and and the the numb

40、er number of of poles forpoles for which which the stator is wound.the stator is wound.磁磁阻阻电电动动机机以以某某一一速速率率同同步步运运转转，该该速速率率是是由由电电源源频频率率和和定定子子绕绕制制的的级级数决定的。数决定的。3)3)The The tests tests of of a a cross-field cross-field generator generator will will be be described described in in this this section sect

41、ion with with chief chief reference reference to to the the tests tests thatthat are are normally normally taken taken on every machineon every machine beforebefore it leaves the makers works.it leaves the makers works.交交磁磁发发电电机机的的试试验验将将在在本本节节中中叙叙述述，主主要要参参考考每每台台电电机机在在出出厂厂前前应应进进行行的试验。的试验。2.1 Grammar

42、Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）代替定语从句作后置定语代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。1)1)All All radiant radiant energies energies have have wavelike wavelike characteristics,characteristics,which which are are analogous toanalogous to those of waves moving through water.those of waves movin

43、g through water.All All radiant radiant energies energies have have wavelike wavelike characteristics characteristics analogous analogous toto those of waves moving through water.those of waves moving through water.2)2)The The instruments instruments present present include include some some digital

44、 digital ones ones which which are relative toare relative to DSPs DSPs The The instruments instruments present present include include some some digital digital ones ones relative relative toto DSPs DSPs 所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中传播的波的特征相似。所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中传播的波的特征相似。现有仪器包括一些与现有仪器包括一些与DSPDSP有关的数字仪器有关的数字仪器 。2

45、.1 Grammar Features 2.1 Grammar Features（语法特点语法特点）6.6.后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多（Conciseness Conciseness）u 注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征。注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征。u 涉及的内容（如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等）大多没涉及的内容（如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等）大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性。有特定的时间关系和时效性。1.1.广泛使用一般现在时广泛使用一般现在时2.2.较多地使用图、表和公式较多地使用图、表和公式 常常使使用用数数据据、图

46、图、表表和和公公式式等等非非语语言言因因素素来来表表明明科科技技概概念念、原原理理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。定理或定律、规则、方法等。3.3.逻辑语法使用多逻辑语法使用多进进行行条条件件论论述述、理理论论分分析析和和公公式式推推导导时时，多多使使用用逻逻辑辑语语法法，即即表表示示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇 although,because,but,if,once,only,suppose,as a result,although,because,but,if,once,only,suppose,as a result,be

47、cause of,due to,so,therefore,thus,withoutbecause of,due to,so,therefore,thus,without等。等。2.2 Rhetoric Features 2.2 Rhetoric Features（修辞特点修辞特点）1.1.词汇分类词汇分类：专业或技术词汇、次（半）技术词汇、非技术词汇专业或技术词汇、次（半）技术词汇、非技术词汇u （1 1）专业或技术词汇：）专业或技术词汇：某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。u （2 2）次技术词汇：）次技术词汇：很多专业学科所共

48、有的词汇，不同专业学科往往具有不同词义。很多专业学科所共有的词汇，不同专业学科往往具有不同词义。Diode,capacitor,substation,autotransformer,superconductivity.Diode,capacitor,substation,autotransformer,superconductivity.power:幂，乘方 动力，功率，效率 电源，电力，功率，电能 bus:公共汽车 母线,总线 Condenser：电容器，补偿机 冷凝器 power plant:发电厂 动力装置 2.3 Vocabulary Features 2.3 Vocabulary F

49、eatures（词汇特点词汇特点）u （3 3）非技术词汇）非技术词汇特用词特用词在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇 take in -absorb,take in -absorb,look into -examine,look into -examine,find out -discover find out -discover turn round -rotate turn round -rotate make good use of -utilize,make good use of -utiliz

50、e,change -convert change -convert at once -immediately,at once -immediately,The circuit is then The circuit is then turned onturned on.然后接通电路。然后接通电路。The circuit is then The circuit is then completedcompleted.Used up -consume Used up -consume 2.3 Vocabulary Features 2.3 Vocabulary Features（词汇特点词汇特点）1