管理经济学英文版最新版教学ppt课件第2章.pptx

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1、CHAPTER2Market Forces:Demand and Supply 严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Chapter OutlineDemandFactorsthatchangequantitydemandedandfactorsthatchangedemandThedemandfunctionConsumersurplusSupplyFactorsthatchangequantitysuppliedandfactorsthatchangesupplyThesupplyfunctionProducersu

2、rplusMarketequilibriumPricerestrictionsandmarketequilibriumPriceceilingsPricefloorsComparativestaticsChangesindemandChangesinsupplySimultaneousshiftsinsupplyanddemand2-2Chapter Overview严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。MarketdemandcurveIllustratestherelationshipbetweenthetotalq

3、uantityandpriceperunitofagoodallconsumersarewillingandabletopurchase,holdingothervariablesconstant.LawofdemandThequantityofagoodconsumersarewillingandable topurchaseincreases(decreases)asthepricefalls(rises).2-3DemandDemand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Market Demand Curve2-

4、4Quantity(thousandsperyear)Price($)Demand$400$30$202040$106080Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Changingonlypriceleadstochangesinquantity demanded.Thistypeofchangeisgraphicallyrepresentedbyamovementalongagivendemandcurve,holdingotherfactorsthatimpactdemandconstant.Changin

5、gfactorsotherthanpriceleadtochanges in demand.Thesetypesofchangesaregraphicallyrepresentedbyashiftoftheentiredemandcurve.2-5DemandChanges in Quantity Demanded严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Changes in Demand2-6Quantity0PriceD1IncreaseindemandDemandABD0D2Decreaseindemand严格执行突发

6、事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Demand ShiftersIncomeNormalgoodInferiorgoodPricesofrelatedgoodsSubstitutegoodsComplementgoodsAdvertisingandconsumertastesInformativeadvertisingPersuasiveadvertisingPopulationConsumerexpectationsOtherfactors2-7Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现

7、、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Advertising and the Demand for Clothing2-8Quantityofhigh-styleclothing0$50$4050,000Priceofhigh-styleclothingD260,000DuetoanincreaseinadvertisingDemandD1严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Thedemand function forgoodXisamathematicalrepresentationdescribinghowma

8、nyunitswillbepurchasedatdifferentpricesforgoodX,differentpricesofarelatedgoodY,differentlevelsofincome,andotherfactorsthataffectthedemandforgoodX.2-9DemandThe Demand Function严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-10DemandThe Linear Demand Function严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发

9、现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-11DemandUnderstanding the Linear Demand Function严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-12DemandThe Linear Demand Function in Action严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Inverse Demand Function2-13Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制

10、止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Graphing the Inverse Demand Function in Action2-14QuantityPrice$2,02006,060Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Marketingstrategieslikevaluepricingandpricediscriminationrelyonunderstandingconsumervalueforproducts.Total consumer value isthesumofthemaximumam

11、ountaconsumeriswillingtopayatdifferentquantities.Total expenditure istheper-unitmarketpricetimesthenumberofunitsconsumed.Consumer surplus istheextravaluethatconsumersderivefromagoodbutdonotpayfor.2-15Consumer SurplusDemand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。QuantityinlitersPricep

12、erliterDemand$50$3$212$1452-16TotalConsumerValue:0.5($5-$3)x2+(3-0)(2-0)=$8Expenditures:$(3-0)x(2-0)=$6ConsumerSurplus:0.5($5-$3)x(2-0)=$2DemandMarket Demand and Consumer Surplus in Action$43Consumer Surplus严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。MarketsupplycurveSummarizestherelatio

13、nshipbetweenthetotalquantityallproducersarewillingandable toproduceatalternativeprices,holdingotherfactorsaffectingsupplyconstant.LawofsupplyAsthepriceofagoodrises(falls),thequantitysuppliedofthegoodrises(falls),holdingotherfactorsaffectingsupplyconstant.2-17SupplySupply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。

14、做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Changingonlypriceleadstochangesinquantity supplied.Thistypeofchangeisgraphicallyrepresentedbyamovementalongagivensupplycurve,holdingotherfactorsthatimpactsupplyconstant.Changingfactorsotherthanpriceleadtochanges in supply.Thesetypesofchangesaregraphicallyrepresentedbyashif

15、toftheentiresupplycurve.2-18SupplyChanges in Quantity Supplied严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-19Change in Supply in ActionQuantityPriceS20DecreaseinsupplySupplyABS0S1Increaseinsupply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。InputpricesTechnologyorgovernmentreg

16、ulationNumberoffirmsEntryExitSubstitutesinproductionTaxesExcisetaxAdvaloremtaxProducerexpectations2-20SupplySupply Shifters严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-21Change in Supply in ActionQuantityofgasolineperweekPriceofgasoline0t=perunittaxof20SupplyS0S0+tt=20$1.20$1.00tExciset

17、ax严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-22Change in Supply in ActionQuantityofbackpacksperweekPriceofbackpacks0SupplyS0S1=1.20 xS0$24$10Advaloremtax$121,100$202,450严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The Supply FunctionThesupplyfunctionforgoodXisamathematicalr

18、epresentationdescribinghowmanyunitswillbeproducedatdifferentpricesforX,differentpricesofinputsW,pricesoftechnologicallyrelatedgoods,andotherfactorsthataffectthesupplyforgoodX.2-23Supply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The Linear Supply Function2-24Supply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相

19、关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-25SupplyUnderstanding the Linear Supply Function严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-26SupplyThe Linear Supply Function in Action严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Inverse Supply Function2-27Supply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章

20、制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Theamountproducersreceiveinexcessoftheamountnecessarytoinducethemtoproducethegood.2-28SupplyProducer Surplus严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-29Producer Surplus in ActionQuantityPriceSupply$4000800SupplyProducersurplus严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度

21、。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。CompetitivemarketequilibriumPriceofagoodisdeterminedbytheinteractionsofthemarketdemandandmarketsupplyforthegood.Apriceandquantitysuchthatthereisnoshortageorsurplusinthemarket.Forcesthatdrivemarketdemandandmarketsupplyarebalanced,andthereisnopressureonpricesorquantitiestoc

22、hange.2-30Market EquilibriumMarket Equilibrium严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-31QuantityPriceSupply0DemandSurplusShortageMarket EquilibriumMarket Equilibrium I严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-32Market Equilibrium IIMarket Equilibrium严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活

23、动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Inacompetitivemarketequilibrium,priceandquantityfreelyadjusttotheforcesofdemandandsupply.Sometimesthegovernmentrestrictshowmuchpricesarepermittedtoriseorfall.PriceceilingPricefloor2-33Price Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Restrictions严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动

24、报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-34QuantityPriceSupply0DemandShortagePriceceilingNonpecuniarypriceLostsocialwelfarePrice Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Ceiling in Action I严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-35Price Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Ceil

25、ing in Action II严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-36QuantityPriceSupply0DemandSurplusPricefloorPrice Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Floor in Action ICostofpurchasingexcesssupply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-37Price Restrictions and Market

26、 EquilibriumPrice Floor in Action II严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。ComparativestaticanalysisThestudyofthemovementfromoneequilibriumtoanother.Competitivemarkets,operatingfreeofpricerestraints,willbeanalyzedwhen:Demandchanges;Supplychanges;Demandandsupplysimultaneouslychange.2

27、-38Comparative StaticsComparative Statics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。IncreaseindemandonlyIncreaseequilibriumpriceIncreaseequilibriumquantityDecreaseindemandonlyDecreaseequilibriumpriceDecreaseequilibriumquantityExampleofchangeindemandSupposethatconsumerincomesareprojected

28、toincrease2.5%andthenumberofindividualsover25yearsofagewillreachanalltimehighbytheendofnextyear.Whatistheimpactontherentalcarmarket?2-39Changes in DemandComparative Statics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-40Change in Demand in ActionQuantity(thousandsrentedperday)PriceSupply

29、0$45104Demand for Rental CarsDemand1$49Demand0100Comparative Statics108严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。IncreaseinsupplyonlyDecreaseequilibriumpriceIncreaseequilibriumquantityDecreaseinsupplyonlyIncreaseequilibriumpriceDecreaseequilibriumquantityExampleofchangeinsupplySupposet

30、hatabillbeforeCongresswouldrequireallemployerstoprovidehealthcaretotheirworkers.Whatistheimpactonretailmarkets?2-41Changes in SupplyComparative Statics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-42QuantityPriceSupply00DemandSupply1Comparative StaticsChange in Supply in Action严格执行突发事件上报

31、制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Supposethatsimultaneouslythefollowingeventsoccur:anearthquakehitKobe,Japananddecreasedthesupplyoffermentedriceusedtomakesakewine.thestresscausedbytheearthquakeledmanytoincreasetheirdemandforsake,andotheralcoholicbeverages.WhatisthecombinedimpactonJapanss

32、akemarket?2-43Comparative StaticsSimultaneous Shifts in Supply and Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-44QuantityPriceSupply00Demand1Supply1Demand0Comparative StaticsSimultaneous Shifts in Supply and Demand in ActionJapans Sake MarketSupply2ABC严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度

33、。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。DemandandsupplyanalysisisusefulforClarifyingthe“bigpicture”(thegeneralimpactofacurrenteventonequilibriumpricesandquantities).Organizinganactionplan(neededchangesinproduction,inventories,rawmaterials,humanresources,marketingplans,etc.).2-45Conclusion严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相

34、关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Market Demand Curve2-46Quantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Demandoil$1400$100$6080160$20240280International Oil MarketDemand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Changes in Quantity Demanded2-47International Oil MarketQuantity(Millions

35、ofBarrels)Demandoil$1400$100$9080100280Price(DollarsperBarrel)IncreaseinquantitydemandedDemand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Change in Demand2-48International Oil MarketQuantity(MillionsofBarrels)Demandoil1$1400$100$9080100280Price(DollarsperBarrel)Demandoil2120 140Increasei

36、ndemand$160Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-49Quantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil0$65$608090$20International Oil MarketIncreaseinquantitysuppliedSupplyChange in Quantity Supplied严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-50Quantit

37、y(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil$1400$100$6080160$20240International Oil MarketSupplyThe Market Supply Curve严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-51Change in Supply in ActionQuantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil1$1400$100180$20240Internat

38、ional Oil MarketSupplyoil2100160$50DecreaseinsupplySupply严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-52Quantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil$1400$120$4040Qe=120$20200280International Oil MarketDemandoilSurplus160millionbarrelsForcesofdemandandsupplyputdownwardpres

39、sureonprice.Shortage160millionbarrelsForcesofdemandandsupplyputupwardpressureonprice.Pe=$80CompetitivemarketequilibriumQd(Pe)=Qs(Pe)Market EquilibriumCompetitive Market Equilibrium I严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-53Quantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoi

40、l$1400Pf=$120Pc=$4040Qe=120$20200280International Oil MarketDemandoilShortage160millionbarrelsPe=$80CompetitivemarketequilibriumQd(Pe)=Qs(Pe)PriceceilingNonpecuniarypriceLostsocialwelfarePrice Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Ceiling in Action I严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违

41、纪行为或突发事件。IncreaseindemandonlyIncreaseequilibriumpriceIncreaseequilibriumquantityDecreaseindemandonlyDecreaseequilibriumpriceDecreaseequilibriumquantityExampleofchangeindemandSupposethatworldwidedemandforautomobilesisprojectedtodecreaseby30%nextyear.Whatistheimpactontheinternationalcrudeoilmarket?2-5

42、4Changes in DemandComparative Statics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-55Change in Demand in ActionQuantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil$1400Pe2=$54Qe1=120$20280International Oil MarketDemandoil1Pe1=$80Demandoil2Qe2=68Comparative Statics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动

43、报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。IncreaseinsupplyonlyDecreaseequilibriumpriceIncreaseequilibriumquantityDecreaseinsupplyonlyIncreaseequilibriumpriceDecreaseequilibriumquantityExampleofchangeinsupplySupposethatwarbreaksoutinamajoroil-producingcountryintheMiddleEast.Whatistheimpactontheinternati

44、onalcrudeoilmarket?2-56Changes in SupplyComparative Statics严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-57Quantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil1$1400Qe1=120$20280International Oil MarketDemandoilPe1=$80Supplyoil2Pe2=$100Qe2=80Comparative StaticsChange in Supply in

45、Action严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Supposethatsimultaneouslythefollowingtwoeventsoccur:worldwidedemandforautomobilesisprojectedtodecreaseby30%nextyear.warbreaksoutinamajoroil-producingcountryintheMiddleEast.Whatisthecombinedimpactontheinternationalcrudeoilmarket?2-58Compar

46、ative StaticsSimultaneous Shifts in Supply and Demand严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。2-59Quantity(MillionsofBarrels)Price(DollarsperBarrel)Supplyoil1$140Pe2=$65Qe2=10Qe1=120$20280International Oil MarketDemandoil1Pe1=$80Supplyoil2Demandoil2Theequilibriumpriceincreasesordecreasesdependingonthemagnitudeofthedemandandsupplychanges.Comparative StaticsSimultaneous Shifts in Supply and Demand in Action