《语境与语义》PPT课件.ppt

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1、 Chapter Eight Meaning and context vMain contents:v1.definition of contextv2.types of contextsv3.roles of contextv4.differences between ambiguity and fuzzinessvAim of learning context and meaningv-learn how to understand meaning of words and sentences according to context -learn how to use English l

2、anguage properly in different context -improve cross-cultural communication1.definition of contextvIn a narrow sense:-lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication.(whole passage,book)In a broad sense:-entire social or cultural setting-general knowledge abo

3、ut the world-specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.vMeaning of a word-determined by linguistic/extralinguistic contexts.2.types of contexts 1)linguistic/intralinguistic context 语言语境语言语境 a.lexical context 词汇语境词汇语境(collocation)-lexical items combined

4、with a given polysemous word,e.g.:The regulation is made to protect dogs.v I hope you can make 10,000 yuan a month.vb.grammatical context 语法语境语法语境 -syntactic structure of the context which determines the meaning of a polysemous word,e.g.:I will get her to do my homework.The days are getting hotter.2

5、)extra-linguistic context言外语境言外语境 situational context cultural context the actual situation in which communication occurs the social and cultural background a.the actual speech situation It is a difficult operation.Is the window open?-A:Do you want some coffee?B:Coffee would keep me awake.b.differen

6、t cultures,different meaningsanimal:fox dog mouse rabbit chicken bat tiger lion (lion heart)Dragon3.roles of contextA.eliminate ambiguity ambiguity:condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations.ambiguity lexical metaphorical structural lexical ambiguity(caused by polysemant+h

7、omophones)A:Id like to buy a book.B:Something light?A:It doesnt matter.I have my car with me.structural ambiguity I found her on the roof.a.I found her when I was on the roof.b.I found her when she was on the roof.B.enable people to understand the implied meaning Husband:The telephone is ringing.Wif

8、e:I am in the bathroom.A:Do you like rice?B:I am a Cantonese,you know.C.enable people to understand the meaning of the omitted parts a.What should I buy for my girlfriend?b.Flowers.D.indicate referent 1.Lily told Mary that Alice was angry.2.a.She said it secretly b.But she didnt believe her.c.But sh

9、e was not angry.E.make clear the range of meaning of a word Men are mortal.Women are kinder than men.5.differences between ambiguity and fuzzinessambiguity:-condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations.vagueness模糊模糊 (fuzziness):A language item can not specify the member rela

10、tionship within a class of objects./Boundaries are not clear.red?rose 玫瑰红玫瑰红 crimson 深红深红 cup?There are about a million people in San Antonio.He is sort of musician.Your lecture seems good.This does save you eight or so dollars.(ad.)Exercise:1.Linguistic context may cover the following except_.a.a p

11、aragraph b.participant c.a whole chapter d.the entire book2._refers to the words that occur together with the word in question.a.linguistic context b.Lexical context c.grammatical context d.cultural context 3.The ambiguity of the sentence,“They saw her duck.”is caused by_.a.homonymy b.polysemy c.grammatical context d.hyponymy 4.What causes the ambiguity?Can you disambiguate them?-The man decided to wait by the bank.-Jack and Jane are married.-I never accept tips.