英语写作基础教程幻灯片.ppt

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1、英语写作基础教程1第1页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二Chapter I Using Proper WordsvI.Using words correctlyvII.Using words accurately2第2页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二I.Using words correctly1.overcome ChinglishvEg:vIm not afraid of the hot weather.I dont mind the hot weather.I found the room rather cold.I felt the room rather cold.On S

2、undays I always sleep late.On Sundays I always get up late.3第3页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二vThe blanket felt soft to her.She felt the blanket soft.His level of English has been proved.His English has improved.He came out the fourth in the exam.He received the fourth place in the exam.4第4页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.B

3、eware of archaisms,obsolete words,2.Beware of archaisms,obsolete words,and newly-coined words and newly-coined wordsWords or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text(e.g.Religious works)and poetry are called archaic.Eg:mayhaps(v.hope;adv.maybe),quoth(vt.say),thy(

4、pron.your),ere(prep.before)Words or meaning which have gone out of use altogether are called obsolete.Eg:admirable废语令人惊奇的 fine n.废语惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱 Newly-coined words Eg:junior-high-schooler,tube-steak,water-sensitive-crops,snow-poor-winter,5第5页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.Avoid slang3.Avoid slangvOn hearing

5、that his father had kicked the bucket,we wrote him a letter to express our deep sympathies.vThe big banquet held in honor of the distinguished state guests was really neat.v俚语呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的 vUnexceptionable/admirable/excellent6第6页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二II.Using words accurately words accuratelyvThe shade

6、of meaningThe shade of meaningvEg1:eagle and hawkvEagle is a bird that soars high and thus see far.to have an eagle eye(to have excellent vision)vHawk is a bird of pray,symbolizes harshness,thus people call the hard line politician“the hawk”.vEg2:dumb and mutevHe is a dumb/mute man.7第7页，共76页，编辑于2022

7、年，星期二1.Specific and concrete wordsvSpecific and generalA good man:kind/honest/just/generous/sympathetic/warm-hearted/selfless/honorableGood food:tasty/nourishing/rich/wholesome/high-priced/fresh/substantial8第8页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二General:General:In spring,the weather in Beijing can be In spring,the we

8、ather in Beijing can be very very bad.bad.Specific:Specific:In spring,it is often In spring,it is often windy and dusty here.More specific with the help of details:In spring,the wind blows all day long.The air is then filled with fine dust which sometimes shuts out the sun.There is no escape from th

9、e fine dust.It gets into your eyes,your ears,your nostrils,and your hair.9第9页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.Denotation and ConnotationvDenotation is the basic,direct,literal meaning of a word.As defined by the dictionary.vConnotation is the association around and the overtone about the word.its the feeling or

10、idea suggested by the word.10第10页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二vE.g.国家vCountry emphasizes the territory.vNation emphasizes the people.vState emphasizes political organization.vLand is often used to connote certain feeling.vAn island country;neighboring countryvpeace-loving nation;the awaking nation of AfricavSt

11、ate-owned enterprisesvOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship.vA far-away/foreign land;a land of liberty/opportunity11第11页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二 Different connotation reflects the different Different connotation reflects the different attitude of the speaker.attitude of the speaker.Compl

12、imentary derogatory neutralPublic servant bureaucrat government employeeFinancier speculator investorLaw officer cop policemanCaptain of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detectiveCaptive jailbird prisoner12第12页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.SynonymsvSynonyms:Two or more forms with very c

13、losely related meaning,which are often but not always,intersubstitutable in a sentence.vAccording to formality:vEarly English:small/little ask time rise vFrench:petite question age mountvLatin:diminutive interrogate epoch ascendvGenerally,Latin words are more bookish than early English and French.13

14、第13页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二ExamplesExamples:vThe concert concluded with a performance of Beethovens 5th symphony.vThey ended the concert with Beethovens 5th symphony.vMy father purchased a large automobile.vMy dad bought a big car.14第14页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二Chapter II Making Correct and Effective SentencesI

15、.Elements of a sentenceII.Requirements of a correct sentenceIII.Requirements of an effective sentence15第15页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二I.Elements of a sentencev1.Completeness in structure;v2.Begin with a capital letter;v3.End with a full stop,or a question mark,or an exclamation mark;v4.Express a single compl

16、ete idea.16第16页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二II.II.Requirements of a correct sentenceRequirements of a correct pleteness in structurev2.the right subjectv3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verbv4.agreement between pronoun and antecedentv5.clear pronoun referencev6.ending sentences with full stops

17、v7.joining clauses with conjunctionsv8.a main clause in a complex sentencev9.proper use of comparisonsv10.correct use of the tense17第17页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二Correct the following sentences:vBecause he hadnt finish his assignment,so he continued working in the pleteness in structurevNot knowing his name

18、,it was difficult to introduce him.the right subjectvA number of spelling mistakes was found in his composition.agreement between the subject and the predicate verbvEverybody should return the books he borrowed within a week.agreement between pronoun and antecedent18第18页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二vShe told m

19、y sister that her idea was practicable.clear pronoun referencevNo one come to the party,it was a complete failure.ending sentences with full stops/joining clauses with conjunctionsvBecause he had not heard about that important decision.a main clause in a complex sentencevThe Sahara is larger than an

20、y desert in the world.proper use of comparisonsvWe have revised our work plan last night.correct use of the tenseCorrect the following sentences:19第19页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二Fragment and EllipsevA fragment is a part of sentence(such as a phrase or dependant/subordinate clause)which begins with a capital

21、letter and ends as a sentence does.vE.g.vFragment The result being that he lost the presidential election.vSentence The result is that he lost the presidential election.20第20页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二MAs exclamations Oh!Nonsense!Well done!What a day!How kind of you!Susan a singer!?MIn spoken English A:how

22、about this?B:very good!A:Your name and your address,please?B:All right,here.v More Fragment-like sentences21第21页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二MAs transitions And a final instance,To return from our digression,Now,a few more words about the meeting today.MM For emphasis and vividness For emphasis and vividness T

23、here is a price to pay for success.The demanding There is a price to pay for success.The demanding price of self denial,the price of blood and sweat and tears.price of self denial,the price of blood and sweat and tears.22第22页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二III.Requirements of an effective sentence一一.Unity.Unity 一

24、致性一致性vUnity:Unity:A sentence should express a single complete idea,no more,no less.If it contains too much,then the sentence becomes confusing.If it contains too little,then the idea in it is incomplete.vIn other words,a sentence violates the principle of unity if it contains ideas that are not clos

25、ely related;whats more,a sentence is not unified if it does not express a complete thought.23第23页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二 vEg:vIdeas not closely related:vBorn in a small town in South China in 1937,he grew up to be a great musician.vHe was born in a small town in South China in 1937,and grew up to be a gr

26、eat musician.vIdea incomplete:vDream of the Red Mansion is the best-known novel.v Dream of the Red Mansion is one of the best-known classical Chinese novel.24第24页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二1.Avoid chopped-up sentence1.Avoid chopped-up sentenceIn the following sentence,the idea of one unified sentence is chop

27、ped into several short sentences.E.g:My best friend in high school was our literature teacher.Her name was Wang Li.She taught us literature for three years.vRevised:My best friend in high school was our literature teacher,Wang Li,who taught us for three years.25第25页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.Avoid Fused se

28、ntence:several ideas are fused into one sentence.several ideas are fused into one sentence.vFused:She suddenly paused and it seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily but she was usually bashful.Improved:She suddenly paused.It seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily,but she was usually

29、 bashful.vFused:They did not win the game so far as I could see they did not even try.Improved:They did not win the game.So far as I could see,they did not even try.26第26页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二vCoherence requires that the parts of a sentence are so arranged that they stick together,and that the ideas pr

30、ogress in a logical sequence.v1.Parallelism vE.g:I forgot that my research paper was due on Tuesday and my teacher had said he would not accept late papers.二二.Coherence.Coherence 连贯性连贯性27第27页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二vThe child was pretty and had brains.The child was pretty and intelligent.vHe sat down and

31、was beginning to work.He sat down and began to work.vI will wait until you call or she comes.I will wait until you call or until she comes.vI went to the dance with a girl from Memphis and who has a southern accent.I went to the dance with a girl who is from Memphis and who has a southern accent.In

32、parallel constructionIn parallel construction it is necessary to balance it is necessary to balance word for word,phrase with phrase,clause with word for word,phrase with phrase,clause with clause,sentence with sentence.It is sometimes clause,sentence with sentence.It is sometimes necessary to repea

33、t the introductory word or necessary to repeat the introductory word or phrase or clause.phrase or clause.28第28页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.Consistency(1)keep the same grammatical subject unless there is good reason for changing.Eg:The cast first discusses the play and then nightly rehearsals begin.The cast

34、 first discusses the play and then begin nightly rehearsals.(2)Keep the person of pronoun consistent.Eg:Having eaten our lunch,they departed by boat.Having eaten their lunch,they departed by boat.29第29页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二(3)Keep the(3)Keep the numbernumber of nouns and pronouns consistent of nouns an

35、d pronouns consistent Eg:Eg:Being Being a studenta student,wewe all wish to learn to write well.all wish to learn to write well.OneOne can never write effectively,unless can never write effectively,unless theythey write as much write as much and as often as and as often as theythey can.can.(4)Keep t

36、he(4)Keep the moodmood and the and the voicevoice that you have decided upon.that you have decided upon.Eg:First Eg:First buildbuild a fire and then you a fire and then you should makeshould make the coffee.the coffee.He drove the car into the garage and the motor He drove the car into the garage an

37、d the motor was was quickly stopped.quickly stopped.30第30页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.Subordination 3.Subordination Correct subordinationCorrect subordination clarifies the relationships between clarifies the relationships between ideas,thus strengthens the ideas,thus strengthens the coherencecoherence of a

38、 sentence.of a sentence.Subordination also leads to Subordination also leads to greater economygreater economy in writing,in writing,permitting one to express oneself in the fewest possible permitting one to express oneself in the fewest possible words.words.31第31页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二It can be achieve

39、d by turning the other clause into:It can be achieved by turning the other clause into:(1)an adverbial clause(1)an adverbial clause(2)an adjective clause(2)an adjective clause(3)a present participial phrase(3)a present participial phrase(4)a past participial phrase(4)a past participial phrase(5)an a

40、ppositive(5)an appositiveEg:A.I was in college.I had a roommate.He was studying to be a lawyer.B.I ran out of ink,thus being unable to finish my theme.C.The dean issued a bulletin,and it said the library would remain open on weekends.32第32页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二三三.Conciseness.Conciseness 简洁性简洁性1.No word

41、inessnWordiness also violates the principle of unity,the idea gets blurred by unnecessary words which obscure it like clouds and smoke.nSorry,Im not in a position to offer assistance to him.Sorry,I am unable to help him.nThe maid put the letter that came from Prague on my desk.The maid put the lette

42、r from Prague on my desk.nThere are several advantages to buying a motorbike.Buying a motorbike offers several advantages.nId like to take the opportunity to say thank you.Thank you.33第33页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.Clarity 2.Clarity 2.Clarity 2.Clarity Clarity requires that a sentence should be written wit

43、h its meaning unmistakably clear.Misunderstanding is often caused by the position of modifiers：The meaning of a sentence can be changed drastically by changes in the position of modifiers.Eg：I I reallyreally dont mind waiting.dont mind waiting.I dont I dont reallyreally mind waiting.mind waiting.In

44、one word,the modifier must be placed as near to the modified as possible.34第34页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二四.Emphasis Emphasis 强调性强调性Emphasis is the means by which you give desired force to your writing.1.positioning for emphasisThe sentence end-the place of strongest emphasisThe sentence beginning-the place

45、of secondary emphasisThe middle-the place of least emphasisE.g.He will not have the endurance needed for the long training required to be a dentist,I think.Attention:move the point to be emphasized,out of order,to the front,this process is often called fronting or inversion.E.g:This I will never do.

46、35第35页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.use of the appropriate voice for verbs2.use of the appropriate voice for verbsvIn general the active voice is preferable because it is more direct and precise,but sometimes the passive is more appropriate than the active.vE.g.vThe advice which was given to me by you will be

47、 followed by me.vTelevision was watched by the whole family in the evenings.vPassive voice is preferable:vwhen the receiver of an action is more important than the doer.vwhen the doer is vague or unknown.vwhen the doer is to be especially emphasized.36第36页，共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.Climactic order3.Climact

48、ic ordervClimacte order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important or that goes from the general to the specific.vShe was a kind-hearted,goodlooking,and well-mannered lady.vRevised:She was goodlooking,well-mannered and kind-hearted.vHe said he had lost interest in life,fam

49、e,position and money after that tragedy.vRevised:He said after that tragedy he had lost interest in vNote:vThe opposite of climatic order results in anticlimax.it is often used deliberately for humorous effects.vE.g.At one fell swoop,he lost his wife,his child,his household goods,and his dog.37第37页，

50、共76页，编辑于2022年，星期二4.Rhetorical questionvA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in that it does not need an answer,it is used for emphasis.vThe rhetorical question is often reserved for special occasion to exert its great force.A positive rhetorical question is like a strong negative