英语专业翻译幻灯片.ppt

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1、英语专业翻译第1页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二1.TranslationStrategiesLiteral translation&free translation;domesticating&foreignizing第2页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二I.literal translation(word-for-word translation)Literal Translation means word-for-word translation.It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into cons

2、ideration at the same time in the course of translation.It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.A more accurate,but less well-known,label for this approach is formal equivalence translation.Be

3、cause literal translation focuses on forms of language,it sometimes misses some of the meaning of those forms,since meaning is found not only in the forms of individual words,but also in relationships among words,phrases,idiomatic uses of words,and influences of speaker-hearer,cultural,and historica

4、l contexts.Words often have different meanings in different contexts,but a literal translation often does not account for these differences.So literal translation often is not the most accurate form of translation.第3页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二谈到直译和意译时，人们常常用英文词语谈到直译和意译时，人们常常用英文词语literal translation 和和freetra

5、nslation。此时。此时人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真；而意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和真；而意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和采取意译。直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上，赞成形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上，赞成直译和意译的均有人在，初期佛典翻译中的直译和意译的均有人在，初期佛典翻译中的文质说，唐代玄奘的文质说，唐代玄奘的“求

6、真求真”与与“喻俗喻俗”，近代，近代有严复的有严复的“信达雅信达雅”及鲁迅的及鲁迅的“宁信而不顺宁信而不顺”与与赵景深的赵景深的“宁顺而不信宁顺而不信”等，都是从直译和意等，都是从直译和意译的角度来探讨翻译的原则。译的角度来探讨翻译的原则。第4页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patt

7、erns or figures of speech.This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation.II Free Translation(liberal translation)What is free translation?第5页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二1)Adams apple2)at sixes and sevens3)It rains cats and dogs(elephants and

8、whales).4)Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.5)Do you see any green in my eye?6)a nuclear family 7)It was an old and ragged moon.8)Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.9)He is being a good boy now.10)They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them.Free TranslationFor examples

9、:第6页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二NOTES:“直译”不等于“死译”，试比较：直译与死译原文结构与汉语的结构是一致的，照译即可。但如果原文结构与汉语的不一致，仍然采取直译的方法，就成为“死译”了。如：In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）B.The earth acts like a big magnet地球作用着像一块大磁铁。（死译）第7页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二II.归化与异化归化与异化 翻译的

10、归化/异化(domesticating translation and foreignizing translation)是在1995年由美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）所提出的，而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher（施莱尔马赫）1813年宣读的一篇论文。Schleiermacher着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系，指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者（异化），另一种是让作者靠近读者（归化）。如果让读者靠近作者的语境，他就能感受到异国的情调。归化和异化是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。从19世纪70年代到20世纪70年代，我国的文学翻译除“五四

11、”后十余年异化译法一度占上风外，大部分时间还是以归化译法为主调。20世纪最后20年，中国翻译界受西方翻译理论的启发，对异化、归化进行了重新思考，异化译法开始受到重视。第8页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二归化(domestication)：在译文中把源语的文化观念和价值观，用目的语中的文化观念和价值观来替代，特别是把原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等用相应的目的语中的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩来替代。异化(foreignization)：在译文中保留源语的文化观念和价值观，特别是保留原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等。第9页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Kill two birds wit

12、h one stone.归化意译异化一箭双雕一举两得 一石二鸟第10页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二谋事在人，成事在天。谋事在人，成事在天。霍译：Man proposes,God disposes.杨译：Man proposes,Heaven disposes.第11页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二用归化法翻译下列习语1.Strike while the iron is hot.2.go through fire and water 3.add fuel to the flames/pour oil on the flames4.an ass in a lions skin 5.a

13、 wolf in sheeps clothing6.kill two birds with one stone今日事，今日毕/拖延就是浪费时间.千锤百炼 推波助澜伪装成朋友的敌人;貌善心毒的人,伪君子 一箭双雕,一举二得,二全齐美 第12页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二用异化法翻译下列习语1.armed to the teeth2.an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth3.a wolf in sheeps clothing4.kill two birds with one stone5.All roads lead to Rome.第13页，共34页，

14、编辑于2022年，星期二2.Style and TranslationTranslation strategy has much to do with the style of the source text.The following is the table of Degression of Formal Equivalence(1998:28):第14页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二第15页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Conclusions By the 1980s,Chinese scholars seem to have reached a general consen

15、sus which favors literal translation wherever possible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice.Translation practice has proven that literal translation and free translation are not contradictory but complementary.第16页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二3.Major Differences between 3.Majo

16、r Differences between English and ChineseEnglish and Chinese第17页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二 A.Hypotactic vs paratactic（形合与意合）Hypotactic-the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives,for example,“I shall die if you dont come”（复句中成分之间的关系用连接词来连接）.Paratactic-The arranging

17、of clauses one after another without connectives showing the logical relation between them.(分句与分句之间不用连接词来表示相互之间的逻辑关系).English tends to be hypotactic while Chinese tends to be paratactic.We should remember the tendency in the two languages is relative not absolute.The structure of English is compared

18、 to a tree with various branches on different levels,while Chinese is compared to a bamboo with one part after another.第18页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体说来，在英语中，主干突出，即主

19、谓机制突出，名词尤说来，在英语中，主干突出，即主谓机制突出，名词尤其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。如：似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。如：第19页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the gre

20、at task remaining before us:that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion;that we here highly revolve that these dead shall not have died in vain;that this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedom;and that govern

21、ment of the people,by the people,and for the people,shall not perish from the earth.(Abraham Lincoln,The Gettysburg Address)我们应该做的是献身于他们留给我们的伟大任务。我们的先烈已将自己的我们应该做的是献身于他们留给我们的伟大任务。我们的先烈已将自己的全部精诚付与我们的事业，我们应从他们的榜样中汲取更多的精神力量，全部精诚付与我们的事业，我们应从他们的榜样中汲取更多的精神力量，努力使他们的鲜血不致白流。在上的保佑下，自由将得到新生。我们这个努力使他们的鲜血不致白流。在上的

22、保佑下，自由将得到新生。我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世上。民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世上。Examples:第20页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二The insect nibbles the green leaves.The toad eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves.The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。枯藤老树昏鸦小桥流水人家古道西风瘦马夕阳西下断肠人在天涯（意

23、合）第21页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Broadly speaking,nouns can be characterized as static in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable.At the opposite pole,verbs cna be equally characterized as dynamic:they are fitted to indicate acton,activity and temporary or changing conditions.Adjectives and p

24、repositions often go hand in hand with nouns while adverbs are frequently used with verbs.English is featured by its predominance of nouns over verbs.English makes more use of nouns,adjectives,and prepositions,and is therefore more static.Conversely,Chinese often employs verbs,adverbs,verbal phrases

25、,repetition and duplication of verbs,and is therefore more dynamic.B.Stactic vs paratactic(静态和动态)第22页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二1)A woman with fair opportunities,and without an absolute hump,may marry whom she likes.(Vanity Fair)一个女人只要有机会好，又不是很驼背，想嫁给谁都行。2）Carlisle street runs westward,across a great black br

26、idge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meat-markets,past single-storied homes,until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.(pay attention to the use of prepositions)卡莱尔大街往昔伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉点，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止。（注意汉语句子在表达相应内容时用的是动词）第23页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二3）他吃得好，睡得香He i

27、s a good eater and a good sleeper.4）我曾经喜欢做白日梦。I used to be a fancier myself.5）The computer is a far more careful inspector than human beings.同人类相比，计算机的检测远比人类更加仔细。6)The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the informatio

28、n media.农村距离远，交通工具又缺乏，使得它与外界社会隔绝。而信息的不农村距离远，交通工具又缺乏，使得它与外界社会隔绝。而信息的不通畅使这种隔绝更为严重。通畅使这种隔绝更为严重。第24页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Impersonal-not showing any feelings of sympathy,friendliness.An impersonal sentence or verb is one where the subject or object is represented by a word such as“it”.(人称)Formal written Eng

29、lish often goes with an impersonal style,in which the writer does nto refer directly to himself or his readers,but avoids the pronouns I,we,and you,thus the writer and the reader are out of the picture,hiding themselves behind impersonal language.some of the common features of impersonal language ar

30、e passives,sentences beginning with introductory it,and abstract nouns as subjects.Chinese,by contrast,prefers to use a personal style,which is featured by much more actives or actives in form but passives in sense,personal(animate)subjects,or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences when the subje

31、ct is self-evident,unknown or implied in theh context.See the following examples:C.Impersonal vs Personal（物称和人称）（物称和人称）第25页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二1)The year of 1949 witnessed this accident.2)My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrows hand.(比较：当观众从他身边挤过去与道拉握手时，我都同情起这

32、位沙场老将起来。)3)An idea suddenly struck me.第26页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二In English,a sentence usually should have a subject,while in Chinese it is not the case.In English-Chinese translation,it is advisable to avoid using the unnecessary subject to follow the Chinese rule.On the contrary,in Chinese-English tran

33、slation,it is essential to analyze the internal logical relationship between different parts and then choose proper part as a subject.英语是主语显著（subject-prominent)语言，常用主谓框架（sv)汉语也有主谓框架的语言，但还有话题-评论结构，是话题显著（topic prominent)语言。互译时，考虑主语和主题的转换。汉语有很多“关于，至于”等结构，切记不能滥用for等介词短语。在汉译英中找好句子的主语主语和与之匹配的谓语与之匹配的谓语，是译好

34、句子的关键。D.Subject-oriented vs topic-oriented(主语句主语句/主题句主题句)第27页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二1)天净沙秋思马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯 Autumn Crows hovering over rugged old trees wreathed with rotten vine-the day is about done.Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream,and on the far bank,a prrtty little vi

35、llage.But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road,the west wind moaning,his bony horse groaning,trudging to-wards the sinking sun,farther and farther away from home第28页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二2)Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty?对于盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管那没水的一半？3)我人生中最重要的一件

36、大事，父亲是无缘亲眼目睹了。My dad was missing some of the most important events in my life.第29页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二In a complex sentence,the most important information is expressed by the main clause which is usually placed in the front of the sentence where the focus of the information is put.In Chinese,the vario

37、us constituents are arranged according to a kind of logical relation or in chronological order and the most important information is emphasized at the end of the sentence.Compare the following pairs:1)自我们别后没发生什么事情。Nothing has happened since we parted.2)吃晚饭后我出去散步。I went out for a walk after I had my

38、dinner.3)他病了，只得呆在家了。He has to stay at home because he is ill.E.Focus position(重心位置)第30页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二SummaryDifferences between English and Chinese a.Hypotactic vs paratactic（形合与意合）b.Stactic vs paratactic(静态和动态)c.Impersonal vs Personal（物称和人称）d.Subject-oriented vs topic-oriented(主语句/主题句)e.Focus p

39、osition(重心位置)第31页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Key to Assessment Assignment1.That this has not happened may be the fault of the university,for at both Oxford and Cambridge the college tend to live in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century,and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the w

40、ar-torn Earth.误：其所以没有世为现实，可能责任在于大学，因为无论在牛津，还是在剑桥，大学里的人们往往是生活在一个肯定不是20世纪的时代里，而是生活在一个与被战争糟蹋得四分无裂的地球毫无相似之处的星球上。正：然而，之所以并未如愿以偿，这可能归咎于大学当局。因为，无论在牛津还是在剑桥，师生们都情愿生活在一个肯定不是20世纪的时代，情愿生活在一个与历经战火蹂躏的地球几乎毫无相似之处的星球上。第32页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二2.Instead,I have concentrated on a few authors,while uneasily aware that they

41、 are not the only pebbles on the beach.They have been chosen as the largest and/or most representative pebbles.误：我没有那样做，而只集中讨论少数几个作家。这样做时，心里一直惦记着沙滩上鹅卵石不只这些。他们以最大或最具有代表性的作家当选。正；相反，我只集中讨论少数几个作家。但是我一直于心不安，因为出除了他们而外，还大有人在。入选的人不过是大作家或最具有代表性的作家罢了。3.Most questions are clear when someone else has to decide

42、them.误：别人决定解决这些问题的时候大多数问题都是清楚的。正：旁观者清嘛，可惜决定不由旁观者做。4.Witch-hunts and spy-manias swept the country.Caution and conformity became epidemic.误：对政治可疑分子的调查和间谍狂袭了这个国家。谨慎和遵从变成了流行病。正：1）以莫须有的罪名进行迫害和密查狂席卷了美国。谨小慎微，惟命是从像传染病般地在人们中迅速传播。2）政治迫害和特务跟踪的狂热横扫全国，以至人人自危，个个顺从。第33页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二Home AssignmentA英语重形合英语重形合H

43、ypotaxis 汉语重意合汉语重意合ParataxisTranslate:An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China I have come across a great many young friends,bright and diligent,do exceedingly well in studies,but they are rather weak in Chinese,even cant write a smooth Chinese letter.When asked why,they

44、ll say they are not interested in Chinese.B英语静态英语静态Static 汉语动态汉语动态DynamicTranslate:Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.The doctor s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recoveryHe is a young and rapid wri

45、ter.C英语重物称英语重物称Impersonal 汉语重人称汉语重人称PersonalTranslateBitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in Hi！Hi!”said the cab driver,whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler D英语主语显著英语主语显著subject-prominent语言，常用主谓框架（语言，常用主谓框架（sv)汉语话题显著汉语话题显著

46、topicprominent语言。语言。Translate:There parked a lot of cars outside the school gate today.You have little cause to make excessive demands from others and make yourself disappointed.He is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new.E英语前重心英语前重心 汉语后重心汉语后重心 Translate:Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country，if only they dare to rise in struggle，dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country第34页，共34页，编辑于2022年，星期二