阅读理解方法指导（new）.ppt

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1、阅读理解方法指导一阅读理解方法指导一 主旨大意题和细节理解题主旨大意题和细节理解题2013年高考考纲：要求考生能读懂简易的文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志及各类媒体各类媒体中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能：1.理解语篇主旨大意主旨大意；2.理解文中具体信息具体信息；3.根据上下文上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义推测生词的词义；4.根据文中事实和线索事实和线索做出简单的判断和推理判断和推理；5.理解文章的基本结构基本结构和文脉逻辑关系文脉逻辑关系；6.理解作者的观点、意图和态度观点、意图和态度；7.提炼提炼文章结构、概括概括主要内容、理解理解关键信息。阅读理解

2、集中全面集中全面地考查考生从阅读中准确获取信息准确获取信息的能力，强调考生对语篇对语篇的整体把握的整体把握能力，对语言文化因素的运对语言文化因素的运用用能力和解决实际问题解决实际问题的能力。通过分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章开头的主题文章开头的主题或文章最文章最后的结论后的结论从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。常见的提问形式：常见的提问形式：1.What is the passage mainly about?2.What is the best title for the passage?3.Which of the following would be the best title?4

3、.Which of the following sentences can summarize the main idea of the passage?5.Which is the subject discussed in the text?6.Which of the following statements best express the main idea of the paragraph?Example 1Example 1 Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery co

4、unters.Sometimes they spray a“cake smell”into the air.At other times they spray the fresh of baking bread.These smells are enough to make peoples mouths water.The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cakes,bread,rolls and other baked goods!Q:Q:The main idea of the paragraph is _.A.what ca

5、kes smell like B.why bakeries make money C.how people are attracted to bakery counters D.what bakery counters in supermarkets sellC.how people are attracted to bakery counters主题句出现在文章的开头开头。这些文章开开门见山门见山提出主题，随之用细节来解释或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。在说明说明文，议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多文，议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种方式采用这种方式。Example 2Example 2

6、Humankind has tried to improve its standard of Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization.Back living since the very beginning of civilization.Back then,as well as today,providing food and security then,as well as today,providing food and security

7、was the basic task for a person.However,nowadays the was the basic task for a person.However,nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly.range of required goods has expanded significantly.People feel the need for not only some primary things,People feel the need for not only some

8、 primary things,such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads,such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads,but also for various facilities and luxuries.but also for various facilities and luxuries.Providing humanity with these things is connected to Providing humanity with these thing

9、s is connected to the use of natural resources,which requires energy.the use of natural resources,which requires energy.In turn,the common sources of energy we use today In turn,the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution,so economic growth is almost cause pollution,so economic growth

10、is almost inevitably(inevitably(不可避免地不可避免地)associated with environmental)associated with environmental damage.damage.Q:Q:What does the passage mainly talk about _?A.Pollution caused by plant construction B.Effects of windmills on the environment C.Economic growth and human civilization D.Economic gr

11、owth and environmental damageD.Economic growth and environmental damage主题句可能出现在文章的段尾段尾。这些文章通常先描述问题或现象描述问题或现象，再摆出摆出事实依据，层层推理论证事实依据，层层推理论证，然后表述细节后归纳要点，最后自然得出结论自然得出结论，即段落的主题。Example 3Example 3 When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can,the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for

12、a moment,and then it comes down.When a bullet is shot straight up,it will travel much faster and higher than a ball,but it,too,will come down.Whatever goes up must come down.We have always thought this to be true.An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long.Yet i

13、t doesnt stay up forever.Finally,like everything else,the plane must come down.Q:Q:Which of the following statements can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.A ball falls down like a bullet.B.Anything that goes up must fall down.C.A plane travels in the same way as a bullet.D.Everything has

14、 weight B.Anything that goes up must fall down.有些文章或段落的主题句位于文章或段落的中间部分中间部分。此类文章往往以一句或几句话做铺垫引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例陈述细节或继续论证，即引入引入-主题思想主题思想-解释或解释或继续论证继续论证。Example 4 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1,000 people bitten by snakes.“It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career.”he said.In

15、1963,after his army service,Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese Medicine.As a part of his studies he had to work in the mountains.There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.“I was greatly upset by t

16、he story of an old farmer I met.It was a very hot afternoon.The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand.He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake.In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.Rush

17、ing home he shouted,Bring me the knife.Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”“The story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”He said.Q:Q:The best headline for this newspaper article is _ A.Astonishing Medicine B.Farmer Loses Arms C.Dangerous Bi

18、tes D.Snake DoctorD.Snake Doctor文章一开始就点题，接着举例，最后回归主题。主题句以首尾呼首尾呼应的形式出现在文首与文末应的形式出现在文首与文末。Example 5Example 5 According to the designer,the lampbrella(雨水感应式路灯)would move at a relatively low speed,so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides,it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting s

19、trike.Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people.Being installed at 2 meters off the ground,it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians.Q:Q:What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella?A.Its moving speed B.Its appearance C.Its installation D.Its safetyD.I

20、ts safety主题隐含隐含在文章中。文章或段落中没有明显的主题句，考生必须根据文中内容，进行综合分析综合分析，找出共同的东找出共同的东西西，归纳总结归纳总结。这种类型的文章通常是叙述一件事的发展过程或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。Example 6Example 6 We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster.To many of natures animals,however,the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans.When

21、settlers came from the East to Americas great western plains,they killed millions of bison,poisoned the prairie dogs and shot the coyotes.All this upset the areas balance of nature.For the animals,it was worse than a flood or an earthquake.Q:Q:Which of the following is the best title for the passage

22、?A.Natural Balance Itself B.Floods and EarthquakesC.American Settlers D.Humans-a Disaster to NatureD.Humans-a Disaster to NatureD.Humans-a Disaster to Nature在做阅读理解题时，可利用排除法排除法解题：首先排除最不可能的选项，再凭借对材料的理解来对剩余的选项进行筛选。这就需要我们了解准确选项和干扰选项的特点。1 1、读首句抓大意、读首句抓大意2 2、读尾句抓大意、读尾句抓大意3 3、从段落中抓大意、从段落中抓大意4 4、首尾呼应抓大意、首尾呼

23、应抓大意5 5、归纳要点抓大意、归纳要点抓大意解题心得：主旨大意题的解答常用略读法略读法(Skimming)。快速阅读文章快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全涵盖全文文。忌：忌：不能太过笼统，言过其实或以偏概全。不能太过笼统，言过其实或以偏概全。如：某个具体事实或细节某个具体事实或细节；某些不完全的事实或细节片面某些不完全的事实或细节片面推出的错误结论；非文章

24、事实的主观臆断非文章事实的主观臆断。事实细节是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。关于细节的问题是对文中的某个词语、句子、段落等细节及事实提文中的某个词语、句子、段落等细节及事实提问问，所提的问题一般可以直接或间接地在文中找到答案直接或间接地在文中找到答案。常见的提问形式：常见的提问形式：1.Which of the following statement is true/not correct?2.All the statements are true except _.3.Which of the statements is not mentioned in the passage?4.Which

25、 is the right order of the events given in the passage?Example 1Offer Limited toOffer Limited to 40 40 per household per household 20122012 American Silver Eagle Coin American Silver Eagle CoinYour cost 1-4 Coins$38.95 each+s/h 5-9 Coins$38.45 each+s/h 10-19 Coins$37.95 each+s/h 20-40 Coins$37.45 ea

26、ch+s/hNote:Note:$10 s/h(shipping and handling)for each purchaseQ:Q:If you buy six 2012 U.S.Mint Silver Eagles by post,you should pay at least _.A.$230.7 B.$233.7 C.$240.7 D.$243.7C.$240.7分析计算找细节。分析计算找细节。此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。需仔细分析计算分析计算。Example 2Example 2A map would help me,and I

27、decide to buy one at our next shop.Lots of things are for sale at the bus stops shop,but there are no maps.I direct myself towards the shops operator,but I run into the language barrier.The operator is an Anglo,and when I speak to him in Spanish,he says that he doesnt understand.I try to practice my

28、 very precarious(不可靠的)English with him,but its no use.I have a rough idea of the sound of the words that I want to say,but I cant pronounce them right.I make signs,signaling a big piece of paper and say“for California”,but he turns into a question mark,with eyes wide open,arms raised and hands exten

29、ded.“Map,”I say,but I dont pronounce the word very well.“Freeways,streets,”I add,but he still doesnt understand.He points out chewing gum,candies,pieces of cake,sandwiches,soft drinks,and cigarettes,trying to guess what Im asking for.But he doesnt show me any maps.Finally,I back out of the store,and

30、 as I leave I hear him say,“Im sorry.”Q:Q:The writer tries to make himself understood by all the following EXCEPT _.A.gesture B.words or phrases C.pronunciations D.spelling the wordD.spelling the wordABBCCB此类题目可以直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项在语言表述上没有大的变化。解答此类题目可以带着问题阅读短文带着问题阅读短文，采用“对号入座法对号入座法”，把找到的原文找到的关键信息与题目进行对照

31、得出答案。Example 3 When I was a child,I often dreamed the time when I When I was a child,I often dreamed the time when I could leave home and escape to the city.We lived on a could leave home and escape to the city.We lived on a farm,in the winter especially,we were quite cut off farm,in the winter espe

32、cially,we were quite cut off from the outside world.As soon as I left school,I from the outside world.As soon as I left school,I packed my bags and moved to the capital.However,I packed my bags and moved to the capital.However,I soon discovered that city life has its problems too.soon discovered tha

33、t city life has its problems too.Is life better then,in the city?Perhaps it is,Is life better then,in the city?Perhaps it is,when you are in your teens or twenties.However,as you when you are in your teens or twenties.However,as you get older,and especially if you have small children,get older,and e

34、specially if you have small children,the peace of the countryside may seem preferable.I the peace of the countryside may seem preferable.I certainly hope to move back there soon.certainly hope to move back there soon.Q:Q:1.What was the writer always thinking about when he was a child?A.Staying on th

35、e farm B.Moving to the countryside C.Leaving home for the city D.Running away from the schoolQ:Q:2.Which of the following is true about the writer?A.He is very old now.B.He is in good condition.C.He prefers driving a car.D.He lives in the city now.C.Leaving home for the cityD.He lives in the city no

36、w.此类题目通过语句的同义或反义转语句的同义或反义转换换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“断章取义法断章取义法”，即带着问题有针对性地扫读有针对性地扫读短文，锁定锁定相关词句，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述。Example 4 She is a British athlete by the name of Tanni Grey-Thompson.Born with spina bifida(脊椎裂)which left her paralysed from the waist down,Tanni used a wheelchair from the age of 7.At fir

37、st,she was not keen on sport,apart from horse-riding,which gave her a sense of freedom.But in her teens,she started taking sports more seriously.She tried swimming,basketball and tennis.Eventually she found athletics,and never looked back.Indeed,Tannis athletic career took off.In 1984,when she was 1

38、5,she pulled off a surprise victory in the 100 metres at the Junior National Wheelchair Games.In 1988,Tanni went to her first Paralympic Games in Seoul.She won bronze in the 400 metres.Even greater success followed at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics.Tanni won gold in the 100,200,400 and 800 metres re

39、lay,setting two world records in the process.In the same year she achieved the first of her six London Wheelchair Marathon victories.Tanni retired finally after the Visa Paralympic World Cup in 2007.Her wish is to coach young athletes for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.Q:WhatQ:Whats the right order of t

40、he events related to s the right order of the events related to TanniTanni?a.She works as a coach.b.She took up athletics.c.She won four medals in a.She works as a coach.b.She took up athletics.c.She won four medals in Barcelona.d.She competed in her first Barcelona.d.She competed in her first Paral

41、ympicParalympic Games.Games.e.She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.e.She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.A.b,d,c,e,a B.a,d,b,c,e A.b,d,c,e,a B.a,d,b,c,e C.a,d,c,e,b D.b,d,a,e,cC.a,d,c,e,b D.b,d,a,e,cbaA.b,d,c,e,aA.b,d,c,e,acde这种题型要求考生根据动作发生的先动作发生的

42、先后顺序后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系逻辑关系，确定事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“首尾首尾定位法定位法”，即先找出第一个第一个动作和最最后一个后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。Example 5 Alex Goldberg,the programs founder,said;We set Alex Goldberg,the programs founder,said;We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young up Young Inspirations because we wanted to

43、 give young people experiences which will potentially be life people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.changing and broaden their outlook.At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and mo

44、re difficult to offer this kind of finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring,it is extremely important that these mentoring,it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with opportunities are available both to help youth with their scho

45、ol work and grades and to give them their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.opportunities which may help shape their futures.Kieran Hepburn,14,is one of a group of Banbury youth Kieran Hepburn,14,is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefi

46、ted from the program so far.who has benefited from the program so far.Q:According to Alex Goldberg,it is difficult for schools to Q:According to Alex Goldberg,it is difficult for schools to offer the mentoring to _.offer the mentoring to _.A.the lack of support from firms B.the cultural differences

47、A.the lack of support from firms B.the cultural differences C.the effect of unemployment D.the shortage of money C.the effect of unemployment D.the shortage of moneyD.the shortage of moneyD.the shortage of money快速寻找信息点一般为功能型阅读题，主要形式有广告，公告，演出信息，航班时间表等。做这类题时，没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干题干定位法定位法”解题。1 1、分析计算找细节、分析计算

48、找细节2 2、对号入座找细节、对号入座找细节3 3、断章取义找细节、断章取义找细节4 4、首尾定位找细节、首尾定位找细节5 5、题干定位找细节、题干定位找细节解题心得：细节理解题的破解一般采用寻读法寻读法(Scanning)，即即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。辑关系。忌忌：主观臆断；必须忠于原文。主观臆断；必须忠于原文。