新编英语教程 4 Unit 2 拓展知识.ppt

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1、Further development1.Styles of EnglishThe Five Clocks by Martin Joos(1962):frozen,formal,consultative,casual,and intimate Look at the following example:Frozen:Visitors should make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.Formal:Visitors should go up the stairs at once.Consultativ

2、e:Would you mind going upstairs right away,please?Casual:Time you all went upstairs,now.Intimate:up you go,chaps.More examplesA.“Five score years age,a great American,in whose symbolic shadow,we stand today,signed the Emancipation Proclamation.This momentous decree came as a great beacon of light an

3、d hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.It came as the joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.But one hundred years later,the Negro still is not free.One hundred years later,the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacle o

4、f segregation and the chain of discrimination.One hundred years later,the Negro lives on a lonely island of property in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later,the Negro is still languishing in the corner of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land

5、.So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition”(King,in Renshaw,1975)More examplesB.“I worked in Harlem and East Harlem for three years.There was ten,eleven cops and they were all black guys.I was the only white cop.When they saw me come into the office they started laughin.What the f

6、uck are they sendin you here for?Youre fuckin dead.They told me to get a helmet and hide on the roof.“My fathers a great man.I see what he went through and the shit and the hard times.I dont see how he lived through it.I used to lay awake when he was drinkin and listen to him talk all night.And I us

7、ed to cry.He talked about the shittin war,all the money goin for war.And the workers sons are the ones that fight these wars,right?And people that got nothin to eat I tell ya,if I didnt have an income comin in These kids hangin around here,Irish kids,Italian kids,twenty-five years old,alcoholics,win

8、os.One guy died of exposure.He went out with my kid sister and hes dead now.”(Terkel,1974)2.Euphemism1)definition-the use of a pleasant,less direct name for sth.thought to be unpleasant in order to“soften”the force of an expression 2)The Purpose of Euphemisms2)The Purpose of Euphemisms-all cultures

9、typically use them to talk about things they find terrifying(e.g.,war,sickness,death)-we use euphemisms to express taboos,as we feel,on some instinctual level,that the euphemism keeps us at safe distance from the taboo itself.-Another use of euphemisms is to elevate the status of something(e.g.,usin

10、g educator for teacher,attorney for lawyer);but in general,we use euphemisms to express what is socially difficult to express in direct terms.3)Latinate Roots of Euphemisms3)Latinate Roots of EuphemismsA A great great number number of of euphemisms euphemisms in in English English come come from fro

11、m words words with with Latinate Latinate roots.roots.Farb Farb(1974)(1974)writes writes that that after after the the Norman Norman Conquest Conquest of of England England in in 1066,1066,“the the community community began began to to make make a a distinction distinction between between a a gentee

12、l genteel and and an an obscene obscene vocabulary,vocabulary,between between the the Latinate Latinate words words of of the the upper upper class class and and the the lusty lusty Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon of of the the lower.lower.That That is is why why a a duchess duchess perspired perspired and

13、and expectorated expectorated and and menstruated-while menstruated-while a a kitchen kitchen maid maid sweated sweated and and spat spat and and bled.(p.80)bled.(p.80)4)Short Glossary of Words and Their Euphemisms backward students-slow learner(学习进步缓慢的人)/underachiever(成就较小的学生)one who required extra

14、 attention(精神要特别集中的人)special students/different students /students with limited abilitiesstudents who have difficulties in school mental defective(有智力缺陷的人)retarded students(智力迟钝的学生)mental challenged student(智力方面遇到困难的学生)person with lower scholastic mental capabilitystudents slightly below the average

15、 dropout(辍学者)-early school leaver stupid or nave students who are subjective to be cheated one who cant spell(in primary school)or one who never amounts to anybody old -ageful;advanced in age(上了岁数);elderly;senior citizens;the longer living;seasoned man;home for adults/the age(养老院)；an adults community(老人区)prostitute-girl;street walker;lady of pleasure the poor-the deprived;man of modest means;the less well off;low-income group the rich-the less deprived;people of means;the well off