语言和认知幻灯片.ppt
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1、语言和认知语言和认知第1页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三1.What is Cognition?n nMental processes,information processingn nMental process,including awareness,perception,reasoning,and judgment.认知认知cognition,指通过心理活动(如形成,指通过心理活动(如形成概念、知觉、判断或想象)获取知识。习惯上概念、知觉、判断或想象)获取知识。习惯上将认知与情感、意志相对应。将认知与情感、意志相对应。2第2页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nThe for
2、mal approach:形式法形式法.n nThe psychological approach:心理学方法心理学方法.n nThe conceptual approach:认知法认知法3第3页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三2.Psycholinguisticsn nPsychological aspects of language.n nPsychological states and mental activity with the use of language.n nLanguage acquisition,language production&comprehension.4
3、第4页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nLanguage acquisition(L1/L2)n nLanguage comprehensionn nLanguage productionn nLanguage disordersn nLanguage and Thoughtn nNeurocognitionSix subjects of research5第5页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三2.1 Language Acquisition6第6页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nThree-word-utterance stagen nGive doggie paper
4、.n nPut truck window.n nTractor go floor.7第7页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三2.2 Language comprehensionn nMental lexicon:information about the properties of words,retrievable when understanding language8第8页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nFor example,we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable
5、the first few times we encounter it and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word.n nIt means that frequency of exposure determines our ability to recall stored instances.9第9页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Lexical ambiguityn nAll the meanings related to the word are accessed.n nOnly on
6、e meaning is accessed initially.10第10页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nAre you engaged?n nMy friend drove me to the bank.n nThey passed the port at midnight.n nPlease give me a camel.n n上课上课n n做手术做手术11第11页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三The clerk(entering):Are you engaged?Augustus:What business is that of yours?However,if yo
7、u will take the trouble to read the society papers for this week,you will see that I am engaged to the Honourable Lucy Popham,youngest daughter of.The clerk:That isnt what I mean.Can you see a female?Augustus:Of course,I can see a female as easily as a male.Do you suppose I am blind?(George Bernard
8、Shaw:(George Bernard Shaw:Augustus Does His BitAugustus Does His Bit)12第12页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Lexical factors in comprehension n nThe human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific words that is stored in the lexicon.13第13页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Syntactic ambiguityn nDifferent
9、possible ways in which words can be fit into phrases.n nAmbiguous category of some of the words in the sentence.14第14页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nJohn painted the car in the garage.15第15页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nMay likes the vase on the cupboard which she bought yesterday.n nThe students will discuss their pl
10、an to hold a dancing party in the classroom.n nI know Simon better than you.n nTell me if you have time.16第16页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nMy brother wasnt reading all the time.n nThe chairman appointed Mr.Brown an assistant.n nThe scholar wrote long thesis and books.n nFlying planes can be dangerous.17第17页
11、,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三1.1.John went into a restaurant.He asked the waitress for coq au vin.He ate it,paid the bill and left.(perfectly understandable)2.2.John went into a restaurant.He saw a waitress.He got up and went home.(does not seem to make sense)18第18页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三 一天,我在看中央三台的一天,我在看中央三台的中国音乐
12、电视。我正看得中国音乐电视。我正看得津津有味的时候,老妈回津津有味的时候,老妈回来了说:来了说:“这是谁啊?这是谁啊?”当时正是龙宽九段在唱歌。当时正是龙宽九段在唱歌。我就说:我就说:“龙宽九段。龙宽九段。”这时,老妈一本正经的问:这时,老妈一本正经的问:“九段?下围棋的啊?她九段?下围棋的啊?她还能唱歌啊?还能唱歌啊?”19第19页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Pragmatic ambiguityn nThere is a fly in my soup.n nToday is Sunday.n n“Do you enjoy sitting beside me?”she asked c
13、oldly.n n“Oh,no,”I said.n n“Well,you are not wanted here.”(W.E.B.DuBois,“On Being Crazy”)(W.E.B.DuBois,“On Being Crazy”)20第20页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三2.3 Language productionn nAccess to wordsn nConceptualization:what to expressn nWord selection:a competitive processn nMorpho-phonological encoding:target w
14、ords21第21页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nWritten language productionn nSimilar to spoken language.n nOrthographic form instead of phonological form.n nHowever,phonology plays an important role in this process.n nWriters have more time available for conceptual preparation and planning.22第22页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三3
15、.Cognitive Linguisticsn nCognition is the way we think.n nCognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.n nIt is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.23第23
16、页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Three main approachesn nThe Experiential Viewn n经验观经验观n nThe Prominence Viewn n凸显观凸显观n nThe Attentional Viewn n注意观注意观24第24页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Experiential viewn nCar:a box-like shape,wheels,doors,windows comfort,speed,mobility,independence,social status25第25页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Promi
17、nence viewn nThe selection and arrangement of the information that is expressed.n nThe car crashed into the tree.n nThe tree is hit by the car.26第26页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Attentional viewn nWhat we actually express reflects which parts of an event attract our attention.n nThe car crashed into the tree.a
18、.a.How the car started to swerve;b.b.How it skidded across the road;c.c.How it rumbled onto the verge.27第27页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三3.1 Construal 识解识解n nConstrual:the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different ways28第28页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三29第29页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nFigure-ground revers
19、al30第30页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nThe tree is in front of the man.n nThe man is behind the tree.31第31页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三3.2 Categorizationn nThe process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differencesn n“范畴范畴”一词在认知语言学中是个用途很广而一词在认知语言学中是个用途很广而且含义模糊的术语。一种事物及其类
20、似成员可且含义模糊的术语。一种事物及其类似成员可以构成一个范畴,一类事物及其包含的事物可以构成一个范畴,一类事物及其包含的事物可以构成一个范畴。以构成一个范畴。32第32页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n n纳米纳米 高分子高分子 碳纤维碳纤维n n蓝色农业蓝色农业n n贫铀弹贫铀弹 燃料电池燃料电池n n人文发展指数人文发展指数33第33页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Basic level Superordinate level Animal Horse DogCat Chihuahua German dachshund shepherdSubordinate levelVer
21、tical organization34第34页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三3.3 Image Scheman nJohnson,Mark.1987.The body in the mind:The bodily basis of meaning,imagination,and reason.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.35第35页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nAn image-schema is a“skeletal”mental representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied
22、(especially spatial or kinesthetic)experience.n nThey are highly schematic representations of perceptually grounded experience.n nThey emerge from our embodied interactions with the world.36第36页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Center-periphery schema n nInvolves n na physical or metaphorical core and edge,and n nd
23、egrees of distance from the core.n nExamples(English):n nThe structure of an apple n nAn individuals perceptual sphere n nAn individuals social sphere,with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality 37第37页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Containment schema n nInvolves a physical or m
24、etaphorical n nboundary n nenclosed area or volume,or n nexcluded area or volume.38第38页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三n nBodily experience:human bodies as containers.n nStructural elements:interior,boundary,exteriorn nBasic logic:For all A,X,either IN(X,A)or not.n nFor all A,B,X,if CONTAINER(A)and CONTAINER(B)an
25、d IN(A,B)and IN(X,A),then IN(X,B).n nThe ship is coming into view.n nShes deep in thought.n nWe stood in silence.39第39页,共95页,编辑于2022年,星期三Cycle schema n nInvolves repetitious events and event series.Its structure includes the following:n nA starting point n nA progression through successive events wi
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