2023年汤姆叔叔.docx

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1、2023年汤姆叔叔 第一篇：汤姆叔叔 汤姆叔叔的小屋主子公悲剧命运解读 李莹 (西安财经学院公外部，陕西西安710100) 本文通过分析汤姆叔叔的小屋中的主子公形象并解读造成其i起j落悲剧命运的缘由，说明黑人解放不能 仅仅依靠宗教力气和白人的道义关心：其最终是要依靠黑人自身的觉酵和备起抗拒，这样才能变更自身命运，得到A由和 尊严实现种族同等，汤姆叔叔的小屋；悲剧命运；黑人解放 11064A1005-31 15(201 1)010-008002 汤姆叔叔的小屋又称黑奴吁天录，1852年首次在美国民族时代上连载，马上引起民众剧烈反响和指责界高度关注。仅第一年就在国内出版了多版，并被译为20多种文字

2、在世界各地出版。作家比彻斯托(18111896)诞生于清教徒家庭，笃信宗教，关切社会问 题及道德问题对四周黑奴凄惨生活的了解和怜悯使得这本巨作胜利问世。该书在唤醒民众反对蓄奴制度、黑人自由同等意识方面起了巨大作用，被视为引发美国内战的缘由之一。林肯总统曾在接见斯托夫人时称她是“写了一本书，酿成了一场世界大战的女妇人。 一、汤姆叔叔的小屋在中国 1901年，林纾与魏易将汤姆叔叔的小屋合译成黑奴吁天录，在中国也引起广泛关注。当时，美国正在迫害我国旅美华工。译文的目的如林纾在译序中所写：“华盛顿以大公之心，官其国不为私产，而仍不能弛奴禁，必待林肯奴籍始幸脱，迩又浸迁其处黑奴者，已处黄人也黄人受虐，或

3、甚于黑人魏易也在译序中写道：“近的美儒斯土活氏(指斯托夫人)所著黑奴吁天录，反复批玩，不。暮鼓晨钟，以告闽南县林先生琴南，先生博学能文许同翻译之事后车之覆，前车可鉴。窃愿读是篇者勿以小说而忽文，则庶乎其知所以自处已。灵石著文介绍林、魏在译书时“且泣且译，日译且泣，盖非仅悲黑人之苦况实悲我四百兆黄人将为黑人续耳。他呼吁人们关注这部小说：“我读吁天录，以哭黑人之泪哭我黄人，以黑人已往之境哭我黄人之如今。我欲黄人家家置一吁天录，我愿读吁天录者，人人发儿女之悲啼，洒英雄之热泪。我愿书场、茶肆、演小说以谋生者，亦奉此吁天录，竭其平生之长，以摹绘其酸楚之情状，残酷之手段，以唤醒我国民。译本在中国引起巨大反

4、响。1904年，金陵江楚编译官书总局编译的烈女传收有斯托夫人的词条，对其生平、吁天录的出版、发行做了具体介绍。1906年，清政府在各地开办宣讲所，规定40本宣讲教材，其中就有吁天录。吁天录被改编成话剧在美国、日本上演，使一卜围的学问分子接触到了外同文学和外国一流的作家促进了中同本土文学的进展。 二、汤姆叔叔的小屋文本分析 存在主义大师萨特曾说：“世界是荒诞的。人偶然地来到了这个世界上，面对着瞬息万变，没有理性，没有秩序，纯粹偶然的、混乱的，不合理的客观外界，人感到处处受到限制、阻碍。在这茫茫的1址界里人无法左右自己的命运。汤姆叔叔的小屋文本中，主子公汤姆的浮生二三梦便是如此。作为最底层的黑人，

5、他不能驾驭自己的命运，也不能给妻儿的华蜜快乐以永久的保障。主子的一个确定就可以断送他的华蜜。其命运可总结为以下三起三落： 一起一落：汤姆诞生在美国肯塔基州的谢尔比农场，童年起先就侍侯主子，成年后当上了家奴总管，对主子赤胆忠心全力维护主子利益。此时的汤姆住在自己的小屋里，犹如天堂：与妻子克鲁伊大婶和j个孩子生活在一起，并以自已的“上层生活感到满意。他“道德高尚，擅长组织胸襟和教养也远远超过他人，因此在主子庄同里很受敬重。然而，汤姆的品德冉高尚，也高不过主子的利益，为了抵债，维持自己奢侈的生活，奴隶主谢尔比预备 将忠心、勤劳又勇敢的老汤姆卖掉。得知这一消息时，老汤姆“靠存椅背上，以手掩面，大声的哭

6、泣着，大滴的泪珠从指缝滚落在地板上。然而，伊莉莎劝他逃走时，他却选择了留下。他忠实地把自已眼下的境况同主子的逆境结合起来牺牲自己的华蜜，成全主子奢侈的剥削生活。汤姆的错误在于他看不到自己与奴隶主是两个独立阶级，他不仅从不抗拒，而且“愚忠于自己的主子，他以这种方式选择了自己的命运，也为自己的悲剧命运埋下了伏笔。 二起二落：经过拍卖，汤姆落到了凶残的奴隶贩子赫利手中，坐上了“美丽河号轮船，驶往俄亥俄州，在这艘船上汤姆看到了被迫妻离子散的很多黑人奴隶，黑格、约翰和汤姆一样，选择了听从上帝的旨意，用圣经中的“你们不要忧愁，在我父那里有许多去处，我去那里是为你们准备地方来劝慰自己。当年轻的黑人母亲露西与

7、孩子被奴隶主卖掉导致母子分别后，痛不欲生的年轻母亲选择了投河自尽。奴隶制度的罪恶以及当时各个阶层对该制度的看法在该文本中有精确地描述。看着密西西比河两岸庄园里奴隶主们高大的居处与奴隶们居住的小窝棚汤姆想起自己的小屋，并有所触动。从前的奇妙生活已经一去不复返。汤姆似乎也起先思索自己的命运。此时，汤姆救起溺水女孩伊娃，命运出现转机，他再次住进阿拉丁似的宫殿中。因为他对主子的真诚、勤俭持家，和伊娃成为好挚友，他日益受到主子圣克莱伊的器重和宠爱。他甚至将自己的遭受同约瑟夫在埃及的阅历作比较。克鲁伊大婶也在主动准备赎回汤姆。然而，随着天使化身的伊娃身患恶疾离开人世，汤姆的生活又落到了低谷。主子一家被哀痛

8、的气氛覆盖，他们甚至想搬回城里来变更生活。此时的汤姆只有借助圣经来劝慰自己和主子圣克莱伊的苦痛。 三起三落：随着对爱女圣洁心灵的反思，圣克莱伊确定还汤姆自由之身。欣喜若狂的汤姆陪伴主子边等待这一天的到来。他等来的不是一张释放令，而是圣克莱伊意外死亡的噩耗。由于女主子确定卖掉全部的奴隶，汤姆落人凶残的奴隶主莱格里手中。莱格里凶残成性，把黑奴当作会说话的牲口，随便打骂，任加私刑。此刻的汤姆心中已经有了仇恨的种子，但他照旧奉行一个正直人的原则。最终由于奴隶主怀疑汤姆关心农场的两个奴隶逃走，将汤姆毒打致死。 汤姆的浮生三梦，是一部让人叹息的悲剧史。他的悲剧命运与乔治哈里斯夫妇的勇敢抗拒并最终取得自由之

9、身形成显明对比与两个柔弱女奴卡西和艾米琳才智地逃出红河农场并最终与亲人团聚形成显明对比。作者在此也指出了黑人的解放之路黑人解放之路是漫长的仅仅依靠宗教的微薄力气不能解救黑人，只有通过黑人自我觉醒、拿起武器，进行漫长的斗争，才能得到属于自己的尊严、自由和幻想。 三、汤姆悲剧命运的缘由 汤姆悲剧的社会原凶在于基督教的麻痹作用。基督教自形成以来，训诲人们“爱人如己为此，奴隶主们向奴隶们灌输宗教思想，用基督教的仁义麻痹奴隶，使奴隶们心甘情愿地将自己的灵魂和肉体都献给主子，汤姆就是其中的典型代表。更有甚者，禁止奴隶读书写字，使他们恒久处在愚昧无知的状态，因为他们害怕奴隶们明白了权利、自由、同等的思想后会

10、为争取这些而造反。同时，汤姆自身的性格是其凄惨命运的根本缘由。汤姆没有学问和文化，没有抗拒精神，只有对主子的忠心。在遭受命运不公之时。汤姆只有向上帝求助。犹如鲍德温评判的：“斯托夫人的汤姆叔叔的小屋中的汤姆叔叔，是一个被剥夺了人性，去掉了性欲，为的是能给他穿上谦卑与忍耐的外衣而使他的灵魂得到挽救。她塑造了一个不断劝规 的形象，创建了一个具有某种公式化的人物。他无法担当解放黑人的历史命运。在被奴隶制度左右的三起三落的命运起伏中，他每一次短暂的解脱和跌人低谷，都单独地由他人确定汤姆无法主宰自己的命运。 汤姆的悲剧命运揭露了黑人在种族压迫下的生活惨状以及黑白两个世界无法调和的冲突。作为一篇战斗檄文，

11、汤姆叔叔的小屋唤醒了一大批奴隶的战斗灵魂，也震撼了白人世界。作者在塑造忠实于主子、忠实于上帝的汤姆的同时，也塑造出对上帝大胆否认的乔治哈里斯和对宗教冷嘲热讽之士圣克莱伊尔，反映了作者对单纯依靠宗教势力解放黑人的怀疑。黑人从物质和精神双层面的解放道路当然困难，但第一步无疑是打破思想桎枯，奋起抗拒，才能争取到自己的权利与臼由。，对于黑人，遭受的不公和卑视最终会超过他们的忍耐极限，白人妄图通过法律、高压、政府、宗教等武器恒久限制黑人是不行能的，因为凌驾于他人之上的强权政治不符合独立宣言的主旨。汤姆叔叔的小屋震撼着世界，使人类更加坚决 地追求种族同等。 11褚孝泉外国语言文学论丛上海：复旦高校出版社，

12、2023常耀信美国文学简史天津：南开高校出版社，2023 李维屏英美文学探商量丛上海：上海外语教化出版社，常耀信，李宜燮美国文学选读天津：南开高校出版社 20232023 f3凌建侯巴赫金哲学思想与文本分析法北京：北京高校出 版社2023 刘世生，朱瑞清文体学概论北京：北京高校出版社，2023 孟昭毅比较文学通论天津：南开高校出版社2023 周定之英美文学作品赏析长沙：湖南师范高校出版社 其次篇：汤姆叔叔读后感 The power of love -“ Uncle Toms cabin, Book Some time ago, I read a persons fame Khvostov of

13、 as “Uncle Toms cabin. Integrity, good-natured, religious Uncle Tom;prudent, smart, studious Mestizo slave George;inexcusable ruthless slave traders Hailey;destroys human nature, conscience ruined the alegre;a sense of justice, but drift, such as the St.Clair lifelike characters left me a deep impre

14、ssion on him.What made me the most unforgettable is the smart and lively but wild full, and later transferred teach self-esteem a slave girlTOM love.TOM blacks had the most black, a pair of round bright eyes as sparkling glass beads, like, look a bit strange face is a shrewd and crafty Kyrgyzstan wo

15、nderful combinations, like a goblin-like.She loves to steal, stealing after lie, put an innocent expression;her misbehavior, all making her revenge, hoaxes;she would take advantage of the master out, crazy couple of hours to make his home mess.Her owner exhausted all ways to punish her, education, s

16、he tried to change her bad habits, but to no avail, this is only because there is no love!Think about it!This was lovely child, born into slavery, she belonged to them all the only masters of the so-called masters of her fate.Her childhood on his masters scolding to grow up, so she formed the habit

17、of lying, bad habit of stealing things, and that she was beautiful, tarnished the purity of heart.In this there is no dignity, experiencing being separated from being whipped all day circumstances, how can we have a noble moral character and firm in faith? Only pure, beautiful, selfless love can sav

18、e her soul!When the angelic Eva to her love of her time,TOM eyes cast the tears that her heart has been ray of sunshine of love.Sure enough, after the changeTOM Well, her efforts to care for others.This is the punishment, not preaching Forever effect, full of love beyond all words!This is the power

19、of love! In our lives, there are many like TOM as children.Their bad behavior, there is no love, will not listen to reason, then do not hate him, to understand with love, tolerance, stripped away a layer of green shoots yellow things, with love to the hearts of probation numb.We should always rememb

20、er;the power of love is enormous, and the supreme!“Uncle Toms cabin This masterpiece has been published in 150 years, it has been able to make today is still deeply moved by readers, but also because the author in the book preached brotherhood and humanity in the disappearance of slavery today has b

21、een the eternal pursuit of mankind.中文译文：爱的力气 汤姆叔叔的小屋读后感 前些日子，我拜读了斯托夫人的成名之作汤姆叔叔的小屋。为人正直、心地和善、笃信宗教的汤姆叔叔；有勇有谋、聪明好学的混血奴隶乔治；唯利是图、冷酷无情的奴隶贩子黑利；人性泯灭、天良丧尽的雷格里；有正义感、但同流合污的圣克莱尔等活敏捷现的人物给我留下了深刻的印象。但使我最难以忘记的是聪明活泼但野性十足，后来被调教得自尊爱人得黑奴小姑娘托普西。 托普西是黑人里最黑得了，一双圆圆的光明的眼睛像玻璃珠子一样闪闪发光，外貌有点怪，脸上的表情是精明与狡吉的奇异组合，像个小妖精似的。她爱偷东西，偷了之后

22、还撒谎，摆出一副无辜的表情；她品德不端，对全部惹她的人实施报复，恶作剧；她会趁着主子出去，疯闹几个小时，把家里弄得一塌糊涂。她的主子想尽了一切方法惩办她，教化她，试图变更她的不良习惯，但没有用，这只是因为没有爱！ 想想吧！这本来可爱的孩子，一生下来就沦为奴隶，她的一切只属于他们的主子，那些所谓主宰着她命运的主子。她从小就在奴隶主的打骂中成长，令她养成了说谎、偷东西的坏习惯，把她原来那奇妙、纯净的心灵玷污了。在这种毫无尊严，阅历着骨肉分别，成天遭受鞭打的状况下，怎么才能拥有高尚的品德和坚决的信仰呢？只有纯净，奇妙，无私的爱才能挽救她的心灵！当天使般的伊娃对她说爱她的时候，托普西的眼睛里蒙上了泪水

23、，她的心灵受到了一缕爱的阳光。果真，托普西以后变好了，她努力争取关爱别人。这是打骂，说教恒久达不到的效果，充溢爱的一句话超越了一切！这就是爱的力气！ 在我们的生活中，也有许多像托普西一样的孩子。他们品德不良，没有爱心，不行理喻，那么千万不要厌恶他，用爱去理解，宽容，剥去绿色嫩芽外的一层枯黄的东西，用爱来感化麻木的心灵。要恒久记住；爱的力气是巨大的，至高无上的！汤姆叔叔的小屋这本名著出版至今已有一百五十多年了，它之所以能在今日照旧使读者们深深感动，也是因为作者在书中宣扬的博爱与人道在奴隶制消逝的今日已然是人类永久的追求。 My first reaction to this book is tha

24、t it was based much more on religion than I had imagined it to be.As I expected, Stowes main purpose of the book was to nakedly expose the institution of slavery to America and the rest of the world with the hopes that something would be done about it.To achieve this purpose, she showed us individua

25、l instances of slavery in a country that prided itself on its Christianity and its laws protecting freedom.She showed us how absurd slavery is “beneath the shadow of American laws and the shadow of the cross of Christ. I was also surprised at the various kinds of relationships between whites and bla

26、cks of the South.We learn that not all whites were bad and not all blacks were good, but that there were quite a mixture of characters and relationships.That was a strength of the book.Its not a melodrama, but shows an evil institution which allows both good and evil and all those in between to exis

27、t under it, and how this institution affects the individuals.Legrees plantation, for instance, corrupted anyone who came there.But the reader understands that it is the system that allows this which is the root of the problem, and that, by the way is a North/South problem, not just a Southern proble

28、m.She specifically calls on the North at the end of the book to ask themselves if they can live with the institution of slavery in their country and still call themselves Christians.A wise move.One of the most memorble characters was, of course, Eva.Stowe was able to give her a true, simple, childs

29、voice which spoke unadulterated truth about the relations and happenings around her: “Poor old Prues child was all that she had,-and yet she had to hear it crying, and she couldnt help it!Papa, these poor creatures love their children as much as you do me.O!do something for them!Theres poor Mammy lo

30、ves her children;ve seen her cry when she talked about them.And Tom loves his children;and its dreadful, papa, that such things are happening, all the time! You cant help but say, “Oh, my god, shes right you know! Evas is a powerful voice in this book.But Evas Jesus-like gathering of the slaves befo

31、re she died was a bit much in its reference to Jesus.How old was Eva? Certainly younger than to have the mature sense of death and consciousness of duty than most adults ever attain.Are these the words of a little kid: “I sent for you all, my dear friends, said Eva, “because I love you.I love you al

32、l;and I have something to say to you, which I want you always to remember.I am going to leave you.In a few more weeks, you will see me no more- The character Eva seemed to be an innocent child telling her family and the world about how she saw slavery which exposed a lot of its evils.But when she tu

33、rned into a mini Jesus and preached to the slaves before her death as Jesus had preached the disciples before his death, I felt the author had given to too great of a “jump into maturity to be believable, unless the short life of Eva was really supposed to be a irreal miracle occurance.Eva was power

34、ful enough as a real character who looks at slavery from innocent eyes.Her transfiguration into a holy person at the end took some of her punch away.As a Jesus-character, Tom transcends the book as a Christian hero.An interesting study would be a comparison of Tom and Jesus.One direct parallel, for

35、instance, is the direct temptation that Legree put upon Tom to break him and make him give up his religion for Legrees “church. It parallels to the temptation of Jesus by Satan in the desert.An important question asked throughout the book was “If we emancipate, are we willing to educate? In her essa

36、y at the end, Stowe chides those white Americans who feel they are doing the slaves a favor by sending them back to Africa so that they can live in the supposedly free country of Liberia.She directly asks the reader, “Would you be willing to take a slave into your Christian home and educate him? Thi

37、s question went right into every household in the North.A short introduction at the beginning of my book asked the question whether or not it was “good literary style for Stowe to talk directly to the reader in the book.I dont think Stowe was trying to a create literary work of art other than would

38、serve her purpose of communicating to the reader what exactly slavery was in America at that time.She wrote the book so that she could talk directly to the reader.It may not be good literary style but it reminds the reader that “this books for you. If you want to look at this book in terms of an int

39、eresting piece of literature outside its social and political context, I dont think you have much to look at.The story itself is not interesting(the escape plan of Cassy was the high point), its packed with religious dogma at every turn(borders on Puritan literature), and you dont see hardly any cha

40、racter development except perhaps for Augustine, but he is so wishy washy that his conversion right before his death doesnt give you any insights into his character or human nature.This book is simply expository: it uncovers the institution of slavery.This is what makes the book riveting to read.Sto

41、we seems to have seen quite a number of individual incidents of slavery for her to be able to write powerful and moving scenes like this one in which the slave George gives Mr.Wilson, a former humane owner, the view of slavery in America from the slaves point of view.This speech by George was the mo

42、st powerful in the book: “See here, now, Mr.Wilson, said George, coming up and sitting himself determinately down in front of him;“look at me, now.Dont I sit before you, every way, just as much a man as you are? Look at my face,-look at my body, and the young man drew himself up proudly;“why am I no

43、t a man, as much as anybody? Well, Mr.Wilson, hear what I can tell you.I had a father-one of your Kentucky gentlemen-who didnt think enough of me to keep me from being sold with his dogs and horses, to satisy the estate, when he died.I saw my mother put up at sheriffs sale, with her seven children.T

44、hey were sold before her eyes, one by one, all to different masters;and I was the youngest.She came and kneeled down before old Masr, and begged him to buy her with me, that she might have at least one child with her;and he kicked her away with his heavy boot.I saw him do it;and the last that I hear

45、d was her moans and screams, when I was tied to his horses neck, to be carried off to his place. “Well, then? “My master traded with one of the men, and bought my oldest sister.She was a pious, good girl,-a member of the Baptist Church,-and as handsome as my poor mother had been.She was well brought

46、 up, and had good manners.At first, I was glad she was bought, for I had one friend near me.I was soon sorry for it.Sir, I have stood at the door and heard her whipped, when it seemed as if every blow cut into my naked heart, and I couldnt do anything to help her;and she was whipped, sir, for wantin

47、g to live a decent Christian life, such as your laws give no slave girl a right to live;and at last I saw her chained with a traders gang, to be sent to market in Orleans,-sent there for nothing else but that,-and thats the last I know of her.Well, I grew up,-long years and years,-no father, no moth

48、er, no sister, not a living soul that cared for me more than a dog;nothing but whipping, scolding, starving.Why, sir, Ive been so hungry that I have been glad to take the bones they threw to their dogs;and yet, when I was a little fellow, and laid awake whole nights and cried, it wasnt the hunger, it wasnt the whipping, I cried for.No, sir;it was for my mother and my sisters.-It was because I handt a friend to love