腹腔高压症及腹腔压力监测在危重病人中的应用[1].ppt
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1、腹腔高压症及腹腔压力监测腹腔高压症及腹腔压力监测 彭彭 沪沪背景背景19世纪后期,世纪后期,Eddy1890年,年,Heinricius1951年,年,Baggot1984年,年,KronResults from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-Abdominal Hypertension(IAH)and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome(ACS)DEFINITIONSIntensive Care Medicine 2006;32:1722-1732www.wsacs.orgINTRODUCTION
2、TO THE DEFINITIONSIntra-abdominalhypertension(IAH)andabdominalcompartmentsyndrome(ACS)havebeenincreasinglyrecognizedinthecriticallyillascausesofsignificantmorbidityandmortality.Thevarietyofpreviousdefinitionshasledtoconfusionanddifficultyincomparingonestudytoanother.Aninternationalgroupofcriticalcar
3、especialistsconvenedtostandardizedefinitionsforbothIAHandACSaswellasestablishstandardsforthemeasurementofintra-abdominalpressure(IAP).www.wsacs.orgWHAT IS INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE?ElevatedIAPisacommonfindingintheICUIAPincreasesanddecreaseswithrespirationIAPisdirectlyaffectedby:1.Solidorganorhollowvi
4、sceravolume2.SpaceoccupyinglesionsAscites,blood,fluid,tumors3.ConditionsthatlimitexpansionoftheabdominalwallBurneschars,third-spaceedemawww.wsacs.orgWHAT IS ABDOMINAL PERFUSION PRESSURE?“Abdominal perfusion pressure(APP)=mean arterial pressure(MAP)minus intra-abdominal pressure(IAP)=MAP-IAP.”Thecrit
5、icalIAPthatleadstoorganfailurevariesbypatientAsinglethresholdIAPcannotbegloballyappliedtoallpatientsAnalogoustocerebralperfusionpressure,APPassessesnotonlytheseverityofIAP,butalsotherelativeadequacyofabdominalbloodflowAPPissuperiortoIAP,arterialpH,basedeficit,andarteriallactateinpredictingorganfailu
6、reandpatientoutcomeFailuretomaintainAPP60mmHgbyday3predictssurvivalwww.wsacs.orgHOW SHOULD IAP BE MEASURED?“IAP should be expressed in mmHg and measured at end-expiration in the complete supine position after ensuring that abdominal muscle contractions are absent and with the transducer zeroed at th
7、e level of the midaxillary line.”PhysicalexamisinaccurateinpredictingIAPSensitivity40-61%Positivepredictivevalue45-76%IAPmeasurementsareessentialtothediagnosisofelevatedIAPandthemanagementofIAHAvarietyoftechniquesmaybeusedtomeasureIAPwww.wsacs.orgWHAT IS THE REFERENCE STANDARD FOR IAP?“Thereferences
8、tandardforintermittentIAPmeasurementisviathebladderwithamaximalinstillationvolumeof25mlsterilesaline.”www.wsacs.orgWHAT IS NORMAL IAP?“Normal IAP is approximately 5-7 mmHg in critically ill adults.”Normaladult0-5mmHgTypicalICUpatient5-7mmHgPost-laparotomypatient10-15mmHgPatientwithsepticshock15-25mm
9、HgPatientwithacuteabdomen25-40mmHgwww.wsacs.orgWHAT IS INTRA-ABDOMINAL HYPERTENSION?“IAH is defined by a sustained or repeated pathological elevation in IAP 12mmHg.”ThedefinitionofIAHhasvariedovertheyearswiththresholdsashighas40mmHgbeingpreviouslyadvocated.Mostcliniciansarethereforeconcernedonlywhen
10、IAPexceeds20-25mmHgThisiswellabovetheIAPthatcancauseorgandysfunctionandfailureFailuretointervenewhenIAPrisesabove25mmHgisassociatedwithpooreroutcomewww.wsacs.orgHOW IS IAH GRADED?“IAH is graded as follows:Grade I IAP 12-15 mmHgGrade IIIAP 16-20 mmHgGrade III IAP 21-25 mmHgGrade IV IAP 25mmHg.”TheIAH
11、gradeshavebeenreviseddownwardasthedetrimentalimpactofelevatedIAPonend-organfunctionhasbeenrecognizedwww.wsacs.orgWHAT IS ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?“ACS is defined as a sustained IAP 20mmHg(with or without an APP=20 mm Hg*出现一个或多个脏器功能衰竭出现一个或多个脏器功能衰竭*MalbrainML;DeerenD;DePotter,etal.Currentopinion
12、inCriticalCare.2005,11(2):156-171.IAH/ACS 表现表现特征性变化特征性变化 腹胀腹胀心输出量(心输出量(CO)下降下降肺顺应性下降,气道峰压肺顺应性下降,气道峰压(Ppeak)急急剧升高剧升高少尿或无尿少尿或无尿 病因及流行病学病因及流行病学ACS病因病因急性急性慢性慢性腹部因素腹部因素非腹部因素非腹部因素病因及流行病学病因及流行病学ThehighertheIAP,thepoorerthesurvivalrateMalbrainML,ChiumelloD,PelosiP,etal.CCM,2005,33(2):315-322预测病人死亡率的独立危险因素预测
13、病人死亡率的独立危险因素年龄年龄APACHE收入收入ICU类型类型有无肝功能不全有无肝功能不全ICU期间发生期间发生IAH入院第一日入院第一日IAP12mmHg APP(腹腔灌注压腹腔灌注压)=MAP-IAPMalbrainML,ChiumelloD,PelosiP,etal.CCM,2005,33(2):315-322病因及流行病学病因及流行病学*CheathamML,WhiteMW,SagravesSG,et al.JTrauma2000;49:621-626.病因及流行病学病因及流行病学IAH独立预测因素(独立预测因素(independent predictors)肝功能不全肝功能不全腹
14、部手术腹部手术液体复苏液体复苏肠麻痹肠麻痹-高度警惕高度警惕IAH的发生!的发生!MalbrainML,ChiumelloD,PelosiP,etal.CCM,2005,33(2):315-322IAP监测方法监测方法腹腔压力测定腹腔压力测定经经膀膀胱胱测测压压法法间接测压法间接测压法直接测压法直接测压法下下腔腔静静脉脉压压经经胃胃测测压压法法经经直直肠肠测测压压法法穿穿刺刺直直接接测测压压经经腹腹引引管管测测压压 膀胱内压力测定方法膀胱内压力测定方法(urinary bladder pressure,UBP)Kron等在等在1984年提出并推广应用。年提出并推广应用。原理:膀胱内有原理:膀胱
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