《地理英语词汇》PPT课件.ppt

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1、中文英文地理学统一地理学普通地理学系统地理学区域地理学理论地理学应用地理学元地理学地文学地质学古地理学地理学体系地理环境geographyunified geographygeneral geographysystematic geographyregional geographytheoretical geographyapplied geographymetageographyphysiographychorographypaleogeogpraphygeographical systemgeographical environment01 地地 理理 学学 总总 论论中文英文地理因子地理

2、过程地理分布地理界线地理综合地理考察综合考察区域分析区域分异生存空间生存承载能力环境决定论灾变论地球地球表面geographical factorsgeographical processgeographical distributiongeographical boundarygeographical synthesisgeographical surveyintegrated surveyregional analysisregional differentiationliving spacelife-carrying capacityenvironmental determinismca

3、tastrophe theoryearthearth surface中文英文地球表层地理系统地理圈景观圈岩石圈水圈大气圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技术圈北半球南半球地球体epigeospheregeosystemgeographical spherelandscape spherelithospherehydrosphereatmospherepedospherebiospheregeospherenoonspheretechnospherenorthern hemispheresouthern hemispheregeoid中文英文地理纬度地理经度北极南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界线极昼极

4、夜洲大陆洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic CircleTropic of CancerTropic of Capricornequatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar nightcontinentoceansea中文英文内陆地理单元区划带地带区域地区小区inlandgeographical unitregionalizationbeltzoneregionareadistrict中文英文自然地理学综合自然地理学普通自然地理学自然综合体地域自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平地

5、带垂直地带地带性physical geographyintegrated physical geographygeneral physical geographynatural complexterritorial natural complexphysical geographic processnatural potential productivityprogressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonalityhorizontal zonevertical zonezonality02 自自 然然 地地 理学理学中文英文非地带性水平地带性垂

6、直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡山体效应综合自然区划雪带亚雪带高山亚高山山地azonalityhorizontal zonalityvertical zonalitylocalityexposureadret,sunny slopeubac,shady slopeMassenerhebungseffekt(德）,integrated physicogeographicalregionalizationnival beltsubnival beltalpinesubalpinemountains中文英文荒漠荒漠化沙漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠戈壁绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地desertdesertificati

7、onsandy desertrocky desertgravel desertargillaceous desertsalt desertgobioasislandscape sciencelandscapefaciesnatural landscapeland中文英文土地系统土地分类土地类型土地单元土地要素土地刻面刻面联合体土地属性生态地理学地生态学景观生态学生态系统生态平衡生态区域生态小区land systemland classificationland type land unitland elementland facetfacet combinationterrain charac

8、teristicsecogeographygeoecologylandscape ecologyecosystemecological balanceecoregionecodistict中文英文生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可再生资源非可再生资源灾害地理学自然灾害ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resourcesrenewable resourcesnonrenewable resourceshazard geographynatural hazard中文英文地貌学地貌地貌年代学地貌成因地貌形成作用气候地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵geomo

9、rphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis,landform genesislandform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhill 03 03 地地 貌貌 学学中文英文山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地mountainmountain range,mountain chainrange,ridgepe

10、ak,mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude,height above sea levelrelative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin中文英文山间盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地洼地坡地intermountain basinmountain peakcliff,scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge,canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterracetab

11、leland,platformdepressionslope中文英文坡度基岩地貌过程侵蚀作用雨滴侵蚀剥蚀作用刻蚀溶蚀冲刷片蚀溯源侵蚀下切侵蚀侧向侵slope,gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash,erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting,incision,vertical erosionlateral erosion中文英文掏蚀侵蚀基准面总侵蚀基准面局部侵蚀基准面裂点沉积作用堆积作用堆积物加

12、积作用沉积相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌组合正地貌undercuttingbase level of erosiongeneral base levellocal base levelknick pointsedimentation,depositiondeposition,accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentary faciesgeneration of landformslandforms seriesbase levellandform assemblagepositive landform中文英文负地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蚀地貌夷平作用夷平

13、面准平面剥蚀面山麓侵蚀面山麓侵蚀平面山顶面侵蚀循环回春作用negative landformnormal landforminverted landforminversion of landformerosional landformplanation surfacepeneplaindenudation sufaceerosion surfacepedimentpediplainsummit planeerosion cyclerejuvenation中文英文相关沉积地壳均衡新构造运动构造地貌学丹霞地貌构造高原构造阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面correlated se

14、dimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology,tectonic geomorphology“Danxia”landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facet中文英文断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化作用物理风化作用化学风化作用生物风化作用机械风化作用差异风化作用风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳triangular facetfault v

15、alleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust中文英文正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝粘土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝氧化物硫酸盐风化壳硅铝铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥orthoeluvial weathered crust

16、clastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crustsiallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crustexfoliation,desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone中文英文山麓堆积坡积物坡水堆积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌

17、学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide,landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphologyfluvial landformalluvium，alluvial depositalluviumalluvial conealluvial fan中文英文洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山proluvium，proluvial depositproluviumproluvial fanri

18、ver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershedbraided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar，sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core，meander spur中文英文河流阶地河流袭夺河流错位河流偏移风口纵谷横谷风蚀吹蚀沙丘新月形沙丘流动沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘纵向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitu

19、dinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune，wandering dunefixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune中文英文横向沙丘抛物线沙丘蜂窝状沙丘沙垅风棱石风蚀脊沙暴风蚀坑风蚀洼地干盐湖基岩扇岛山漠漆岩漆漠盖层transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones，ventifactyardangsandstormblowout pit

20、deflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavement中文英文黄土黄土地貌黄土塬黄土梁黄土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯特地貌学咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蚀谷溶蚀盆落水洞溶沟loessloess landform“yuan”，loess tableland“liang”，loess ridge“mao”，loess hillbadland karstkarst geomorphologykarst landformkarstificationdolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren中文英

21、文干谷竖井潜蚀作用洞穴堆积咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴学假咯斯特类咯斯特泉华沉积石灰华海岸滨海岸地貌学dry valleyshaft underground erosioncave depositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinaclesspeleologypseudokarstparakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology中文英文海蚀作用海蚀龛海蚀洞海蚀台海蚀崖海蚀柱岬角岩滩潮滩潮汐通道潮沟舄湖三角洲河口湾海滩marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveab

22、rasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel，tidal inlettidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach中文英文滩脊滩脊型潮滩滩脊型潮滩平原沙嘴障壁坝滨外坝尖形滩尖形坝连岛坝陆连岛沿滨泥沙流海岸阶地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁beach ridgechenierchenier plainsand spitbarrieroff-shore barcuspate forelandtuspate bartombolotombolo islandlongshore drif

23、tcoastal terrace，marine terraceeustatic movementcoral reeffringing reef中文英文堡礁环礁大陆架大陆坡洋盆海隆海岭平顶海山海沟海渊barrier reefatollcontinental shelfcontinental slopeoceanic basinriseoceanic ridgeguyottrenchabyssal deep中文英文气候学气候气候资源太阳辐射反照射积温无霜期降水蒸发干燥度热水平衡风向风速气候灾害climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalb

24、edoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage，climatic hazard04 04 气气 候候 学学中文英文旱灾水灾风灾雹灾湿害热害冻害冷害气候分类气候区划气候带气候区气候型赤道带热带drought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold damagecli

25、matic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone中文英文亚热带温带寒带湿润气候干燥气候热带雨林气候萨瓦纳气候森林气候草原气候荒漠气候苔原气候极地气候高原气候山地气候大陆度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climatesavanna climateforest climatestepp

26、e climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climatemountain climatecontinentality中文英文大陆性气候海洋性气候地中海气候地形气候学区域气候地方气候小气候气候系统行星风系信风季风梅雨台风寒潮海陆风continental climatemaritime climateMediterranean climatetopoclimatologyregional climatelocal climatemicroclimateclimatic systemplanetary wind systemt

27、rade wind，tradesmonsoonMeiyu,，plum raintyphooncold wavesea-land breeze中文英文山谷风干热风焚风雨影气候变迁古气候历史气候年轮气候学物候学自然历城市气候城市热岛气候志mountain-valley breezedry-hot windfoehn rain shadowclimatic changepalaeoclimatehistorical climatedendroclimatologyphenologynatural calendarurban climateurban heat islandclimatography中

28、文英文水文地理学水文学水体水团河流学水利学水利经济学水化学森林水文学都市水文学水文物理学古水文学土壤水文学hydrogeographyhydrologywater bodywater masspotamologyhydraulicshydroeconomicshydrochemistryforest hydrologyurban hydrologyhydrophysicspalaeohydrologypedohydrology05 05 水水 文文 地地 理理 学学中文英文水文情势水文过程水文测验流域形态流域分水线河道坡降河道等级闭合盆地河网密度总蒸发水平衡陆面蒸发水面蒸发分岔系数河源hydr

29、ological regimehydrological processhydrometrywatershed morphologybasin dividechannel gradientchannel orderclosed basindrainage densityevapotranspirationwater budget，water balanceland evaporationwater surface evaporationfork factorheadwaters中文英文水道网支流过程线流量过程线分割瀑布水平降水水循环水量交换径流径流系数年正常径流量基流河床变形河流补给暴发洪水hy

30、drographic nettributaryhydrographseparation of hydrographwaterfallhorizontal precipitationwater cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannual normal runoffbase flowriver bed deformationriver feedingflash flood中文英文洪水流水过程层间流壤中流河流数目定律叠加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量产流汇流产沙率退水曲线径流模数产水量floodfluvial processesinteraquifer

31、 flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superpositiondischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerunoff generationflow concentrationrate of sediment productionrecession curverunoff moduluswater yield中文英文悬移质泥沙运动产沙量水位洪水位警戒水位水土流失水土保持涝暴雨径流输沙能力径流变率地下水文学承压地下水水力传导度suspended loadsediment movementsediment yieldwat

32、er stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservationwaterloggingstorm flowtransportability of sedimentsvariability of runoffgroundwater hydrologyconfined groundwaterhydraulic conductivity中文英文入渗土壤水含水层自流水盆地深层地下水裂隙水地下水位矿泉地下河饱和带湖沼学湖泊水文学湖流水质湖泊富营养化infiltrationsoil water aquiferar

33、tesian basindeep phreatic waterfissured waterwater tablemineral springunderground riversaturation zonelimnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake eutrophication中文英文人工湖盐湖咸水湖淡水湖构造湖层结湖季节性湖泊火山湖高山湖游移湖热湖微咸湖干涸湖完全混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketectonic lake，structural lak

34、e stratified lake seasonal lake volcanic lakealpine lakewandering lake warm lakebrackish-water lake extinct lake holomixed lake lake circulation中文英文湖水环流湖泊蓄水量冰川补给积雪水文学融雪水文学融雪径流有潮河口无潮海波浪侵蚀地下水库水资源供水水能lake circulationlake storagealimentation of glacieralimentation of glaciersnow hydrologysnow runofftida

35、l estuarytideless seawave erosiongroundwater reservoirwater resourcesWater supplyhydropower中文英文生物地理学生物分布学生物分布分布区分布区中心分布区间断分布区型扩散中心残遗种区种群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeographychorologybiochoresarealareak centerareal disjunctionareal typedispersal centerrefugiumpopulationbiotabiogeocoenosishabitat06 06 生生 物物 地地 理理 学

36、学中文英文小生境群落生境植物地理学植物区系生活型生活型谱水生植物湿生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群丛niche，microhabitatbiotopephytogeographyfloralife formlife form spectrumhydrophytehygrophytemesophytexerophyteindicator plantindicator communityvegetationplant communityassociation中文英文群系植被型顶级群落演替针叶林泰加林落叶林常绿阔叶林硬叶林照叶林季风雨林雨林红树林苔原森林草原formationve

37、getation typeclimaxsuccessionconiferous foresttaigadeciduous forestevergreen broad-leaved forestsclerophyllous forestlaurel forestmonsoon forestrainforestmangrovetundraforest steppe中文英文草原高草草原萨瓦纳普那高原草甸高山矮曲林森林上限树线动物地理学动物区系地理阻障动物传布华莱士线动物群落泛北极steppeprairiesavannapunameadowalpine krummholzupper forest li

38、mittimberlinezoogeographyfaunageographical barrierssynzoochorywallaces lineanimal communityHolarctic中文英文古北界新北界旧热带界新热带界东洋界 澳洲界PalaearcticNeoarcticPalaeotropicNeotropicOrientalAustralasian中文英文土壤地理学土被土链土壤组合土壤复区土壤气候土壤资源土壤退化土壤侵蚀古土壤森林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤pedogeographysoil mantlesoil catenasoil associationsoil comple

39、xsoil climatesoil resourcessoil degradationsoil erosionpaleosoilforest soildesert soildesert soil07 土土 壤壤 地地 理理 学学中文英文高山土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤顶级土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黄壤红壤砖红壤黑钙土栗钙土棕钙土 灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soilyoung soilmature soilclimax soilpodzolic soilbrown earthcinnamon soilyellow earthred earthlateritechernozemchestnut so

40、ilbrown soilgray desert soilbrown desert soil中文英文盐土碱土solonchaksolonertz中文英文化学地理学景观地球化学地球化学景观自成景观从属景观残积景观水上景观水下景观chemical geographylandscape geochemistrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscapeauxiliary landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscape08 08 化化 学学 地地 理理 学学中文英文水成景观单元景观生源

41、景观非生源景观大气迁移水迁移生物迁移机械迁移化学迁移标型元素标型化合物标型离子化学剥蚀aqueous landscape，aqual landscapeelementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbiological migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorphic compoundtypomorphi

42、c ionchemical denudation中文英文医学地理学地方病自然疫源地高山病克山病大骨节病medical geographyendemic diseasenatural epidemic focusmountain sicknessKeshan diseaseKaschin-Beck disease 09 09 医医 学学 地地 理理 学学中文英文环境地理学环境地球化学自然环境社会环境区域环境海洋环境环境系统环境结构环境要素环境演化环境背景值环境异常环境自净environmental geographyenvironmental geochemistrynatural enviro

43、nmentsocial environmentregional environmentmarine environmentenvironmental system environmental structureenvironmental elementenvironmental evolutionenvironmental background valueenvironmental abnormalityenvironmental self-purification10 10 环环 境境 地地 理理 学学中文英文环境容量景观损害环境退化环境效应环境污染大气污染水污染土壤污染海洋污染环境经济环境

44、管理环境标准environmental capacitylandscape damageenvironmental degradationenvironmental effectenvironmental pollutionatmospheric pollutionwater pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollutionenvironmental economyenvironmental managementenvironmental standard中文英文环境质量环境质量参数环境质量指数环境质量评价环境影响评价环境质量综合评价环境保护环境规划环境区划环境设

45、计自然保护自然保护区自然资源保护生物资源保护environmental qualityenvironmental quality parameterenvironmental quality indexenvironmental quality evaluationenvironmental impact assessmentenvironmental quality comprehensive evaluationenvironmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regionalizationenvironmental d

46、esignconservation of naturenature reserveconservation of natural resourcesliving resources conservation中文英文水资源保护国家公园地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病protection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease中文英文冰川学积雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆雪线吹雪雪崩雪蚀陆冰冰山冰川冰盖glacio

47、logysnow coverfirnfirnificationfirn basinsnow linesnow driftavalanchenivationland iceicebergglacierice sheet11 冰川学冰川学中文英文冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物质平衡消融区积累区冰川隙冰川地质学角峰冰斗U形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice fieldglacierizationglaciationglacier mass-balanceablation areaaccumulation areacrevasseglacial geologyhorncirqueU-shape valleyd

48、rumlinroche moutonneeglacial striaglacial stream中文英文冰下河道漂砾纹泥海洋性冰川大陆性冰川极地冰川山岳冰川冰斗冰川悬冰川冰川变化冰川退缩冰期小冰期新冰期冰期后subglacial channelbouldervarvemaritime glaciercontinental glacierpolar glaciermountain glaciercirque glacierhanging glacierglacial fluctuationdeglaciationice agelittle ice ageneoglaciationpost-gla

49、cial中文英文间冰期冷圈冷圈学interglacial periodcryospherecryology中文英文冻土学冻土融土季节冻土多年冻土高山冻土冻土动力学冻土退化冻土进化geocryology,cryopedologyfrozen groundmelted soilseasonal frozen groundpermafrostalpine permafrostpermafrost dynamicspermafrost degradationpermafrost aggradation12 冻土学冻土学中文英文富冰冻土冻结层中水冻土相分析冻融循环冻结指数融化指数零点幕成冰作用冰胶结冰分

50、凝地下水冰透镜体冰含量冻胀冻胀力ice permafrostinterpermafrost waterpermafrost phase-analysesfreeze-thaw cyclesfreezing indexthawing indexzero curtainice formationcement icesegregated iceground iceice lensice contentfrost heavingfrost heaving force中文英文冰缘寒冻风化热喀斯特热喀斯特湖冰锲翻浆periglacialcryogenic weathering,frost weatheri