高考英语阅读理解专项讲解ppt课件.ppt

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1、高考英语阅读理解 专项讲解（一）目目 录录CONTENTS一、考纲解读二、解题策略三、体裁导读四、真题典例一、考纲解读阅读理解核心是“理解”。“理解”既包括能准确把握所读材料的表层(字面意思)内容，还要理解内在含义；又包括能概括文章的主旨大意，能对语篇、文段的内部结构进行逻辑分析，推断出段落大意、文章主旨、作者的观点意图及文中未表达的事实、结论。阅读理解材料内容真实新潮，选材贴近生活，贴近时代，渗透文化意识，强调实际应用。大致涉及人物趣事、中外交流、社会文化、语言习惯、历史事件、日常生活、新闻广告、科普知识等等。在体裁上，记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文各占一定的比例。单击此处添加标题单击此处添

2、加标题新课标对英语阅读的要求：（1）理解主旨要义。（2）理解文中具体信息。（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义。（4）做出简单判断和推理。（5）理解文章的基本结构。（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。主旨大意标题判断题大意概括题事实细节直接理解题间接信息题猜测题意单词或短语猜测代词指代题推理判断细节推断题综合推断题作者意图题二、解题策略二、解题策略解答阅读理解题的总体策略应定位于：单句入手，语篇突破，着眼整体，归纳推断。具体的做法是：第一、准确理解关键句子、关键词语的意义。善于解读难句、猜测生词的词义和语义，注意跨文化语言障碍，避免因粗心大意或理解不准确造成曲解或误解。第二、抓住语句表达的实质。

3、即不仅能看懂词、句的表面意思，而且能够扑捉到文字背后的引申意义以及作者的态度和倾向，即潜在的深层含义。第三、要耐心细致地读完全部选项，应按照“误否？虚否？偏否？”的三级思考程序来分析鉴别每一个选项，即先看与文中内容是否相矛盾，再看在文中有没有信息支撑点，最后看能不能完全符合题目的要求，找出差异，然后根据问题的特点和题型确定选项。不要急于求成，使选出的答案似是而非。第四、要仔细审题。学生由于把主要精力都放在选择正确答案上，因此一旦找到了叙述与短文事实相符的选项，就盲目地选它为答案，忽视了题目到底问什么，从而使所选答案答非所问。第五、要以语篇事实为依据，理解通篇的逻辑关系，把握住语篇的结构与文脉，

4、在事实的基础上进行合乎逻辑的推理，避免盲目的或无根据的主观臆断。第六、快速阅读，整体理解。阅读速度阅读理解的重要方面，速度不能过慢，最低要求是3050 WPM。平时要养成良好的阅读习惯，克服逐字停顿、回读等坏习惯。阅读时要有紧迫感，集中注意力，力求一个意群一停顿，甚至一行一停顿。千万不要一遇到生词就查字典，平时要学会根据上下文、构词法、生活常识、定语从句、同位语从句、破折号、等猜测词义；平时必须进行快速阅读训练或限时训练。还要有强烈的语篇意识，着重整体理解，要在十分有限的时间内抓住短文要点、搜寻关键词、确定主题句，还要记忆有关细节、理清短文脉络。三、体裁导读纵观近5年考题可知：A篇应用文占比最

5、大，为85.71%；B篇记叙文占比最大，为57.14%；C篇说明文占比最大，为78.57%；D篇说明文占比最大，为71.43%。上图是对2015年至2019年所有高考英语阅读理解题目的“体裁”和“主题”搭配情况的统计，色块越深表示两者的搭配次数越多，色块越浅则表示搭配次数越少，白色表示没有搭配。由图可知，以历史、社会与文化为主题的说明文在英语高考中出现次数最多，占比18.2%，也就是说每一张高考英语卷都会出现一道该类型的阅读题；而以科技与技术为主题的说明文排第二，占比14.5%,也就是说每三年高考都会出现两次该类型题目；而排在第三位的则是以文学、艺术与体育为主题的应用文，紧接着又是以历史、社会

6、与文化为主题的应用文。因此，对于大部分学生而言，阅读理解的难点就在于对专有词汇的认识与了解。想要解决这一难题，在日常生活中，同学们就不能把目光只放在课本上，要多阅读报刊杂志等，多了解时事热点、传统文化，扩宽知识面。这样，即使在面对很多专有词汇、陌生词汇时，同学们也能依据日常所了解的知识猜测上下文的意思，从而较好地完成阅读理解。1.记叙文类记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索

7、的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生，发展，高潮和结局；（2）若是“哲理故事”，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是“逸闻趣事”，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。命题方式包括：考点类型题型方法与技巧考点一 细节事实理解直接事实题抓住题干文字信息 间接事实题结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断 数据推算1.抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含

8、义。2.弄清众多信息中的有用信息，和干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，要抓关键用语。考点二 主旨理解或写作意图推断短文的标题（title,headline）What would be the best title for the text?短文或段落的主题（subject）What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?中心思想(main idea)What is the passage mainly about?作者的写作目的(purpose)The main purpose of announcing the above events is_.

9、考点三 推理推断 根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。1.We can infer from the Passage that _.2.What can be inferred from 3.The author suggests in this paragraph that.4.The writer implies that_.5.It can be concluded from the Passage that _ .设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词6.What conclusion can

10、 be drawn from?7.The author is inclined to think that _.8.Whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?考点四 词义、句义猜测考查对文中关键词语的理解“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。包括：1.定义法。2.同位法 3.对比法 4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)5.因果法等2.说明文类这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1).文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和

11、准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2).句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3).常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。命题形式：科普类阅读的主要命题形式有：事实细节题词义猜测题推理判断题主旨概括题等其中推理判断题居多方法概述方法概述:高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐而科普类文章往往具有跨学科行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握试

12、题特点 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象 贴近学生的学习生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析解决实际问题的能力科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点，学生要从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文通常设置下列题型：1）标题判断题考查对全文的理解。常以What would be the best title of the passage?为设题方式，解题时应特别注意。2）生词词义判断题科普说明文往往提倡揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理等，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，这种题常以What does

13、 the underlined word mean?或Whats the meaning of the underlined word?形式出现。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上判断生词词义。3）代词指代判断题科普说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理等进行解释时易出现动作变换多，人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题。这些题常以it,them,they 等表物的代词为命题特点，学生要根据上下文语境逻辑判断其指代对象。解题时需认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同的执行者，从而准确判断代词的不同指代。4）科学

14、方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学科网系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。四：真题典例【2015新课标全国I】CSalvadorDali(1904-1989)wasoneofthemostpopul

15、arofmodernartists.ThePompidouCentreinParisisshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispowerfulpersonalitywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures,drawingsandmore.Amongtheworksandmasterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindthebestpieces,mostimportantlyThePersistenceofMemory.Ther

16、eisalsoLEnigmesansFinfrom1938,worksonpaper,objects,andprojectsforstageandscreenandselectedpartsfromtelevisionprogrammesreflectingtheartistsshowmanqualities.ThevisitorwillentertheWorldofDalithroughaneggandismetwiththebeginning,theworldofbirth.Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththevisitorexi

17、tingthroughthebrain.28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribeDaliaccordingtoParagraph1?A.Optimistic.B.Productive.C.Generous.D.Traditional.29.WhatisDalisThePersistenceofMemoryconsideredtobe?A.Oneofhismasterworks.B.Asuccessfulscreenadaptation.C.Anartisticcreationforthestage.D.OneofthebestTVprogrammes.ThePomp

18、idouCentreinParisisshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispowerfulpersonalitywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures,drawingsandmore.Amongtheworksandmasterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindthebestpieces,mostimportantlyThePersistenceofMemory.TheexhibitionshowshowDalidraw

19、stheviewerbetweentwoinfinities(无限).“Fromtheinfinitysmalltotheinfinitylarge,contractionandexpansioncominginandoutoffocus:amazingFlemishaccuracyandtheshowyBaroqueofoldpaintingthatheusedinhismuseum-theatreinFigueras,”explainsthePompidouCentre.Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合

20、作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg,Florida.30.HowaretheexhibitsarrangedattheWorldofDali?A.Bypopularity.B.Byimportance.C.Bysizeandshape.D.Bytimeandsubject.31.Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphr

21、eferto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththevisitorexitingthroughthebrain.Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMu

22、seuminSt.Petersburg.说明类短文阅读本篇文章为中等难度，难度主要体现在于艺术题材对学生来说相对陌生，且对于艺术作品的解释比较抽象。考生容易从心理上排斥此类阅读理解，但题目本身都是可以在原文中定位并找到答案的细节理解题，只要静心下来仔细寻找即可。最后一题的词义猜测稍微有点难度，因为contribution这个词对考生来说并不陌生，但此处并非“捐献”的含义。普通高等学校夏季招生考试英语（全国）DItisdifficultfordoctorstohelpapersonwithadamagedbrain.Withoutenoughblood,thebrainlivesforonlyt

23、hreetofiveminutes.Moreoftenthedoctorscantfixthedamage.Sometimestheyareafraidtotrysomethingtohelpbecauseitisdangeroustoworkonthebrain.Thedoctorsmightmakethepersonworseifheoperatesonthebrain.Dr.RobertWhite,afamousprofessoranddoctor,thinksheknowsawaytohelp.Hethinksdoctorsshouldmakethebrainverycold.Ifit

24、isverycold,thebraincanlivewithoutbloodfor30minutes.Thisgivesthedoctoralongertimetodosomethingforthebrain.53.Thebiggestdifficultyinoperatingonthedamagedbrainisthat_.A.thetimeistooshortfordoctorsB.thepatientsareoftentoonervousC.thedamageisextremelyhardtofixD.theblood-coolingmachinemightbreakdown54.The

25、brainoperationwasmadepossiblemainlyby_.A.takingthebloodoutofthebrain B.tryingtheoperationonmonkeysfirstC.havingthebloodgothroughamachineD.loweringthebrainstemperatureWithoutenoughblood,thebrainlivesforonlythreetofiveminutes.Moreoftenthedoctorscantfixthedamage.Hethinksdoctorsshouldmakethebrainverycol

26、d.Dr.Whitetriedhisideaon13monkeys.Firsthetaughtthemtododifferentjobs,thenheoperatedonthem.Hemadethemonkeysbloodbacktothemonkeysbrains.Whenthebrainstemperaturewas10,Dr.Whitestoppedthebloodtothebrain.After30minutesheturnedthebloodbackon.Hewarmedthebloodagain.Aftertheiroperationsthemonkeyswereliketheyh

27、adbeenbefore.TheywerehealthyandbusyEachonecouldstilldothejobsthedoctorhadtaughtthem.55.WithDr.Whitesnewidea,theoperationonthedamagedbrain_.A.canlastaslongas30minutesB.cankeepthebrainsbloodwarmC.cankeepthepatientsbrainhealthyD.canhelpmonkeysdodifferentjobs56.Whatistherightorderofthestepsintheoperatio

28、ns?.a.sendthecooledbacktothebrainb.stopthebloodtothebrainc.havethebloodcooleddownd.operateonthebrainA.a,b,c,dB.c,a,b,dC.c,b,d,aD.b,c,d,aHethinksdoctorsshouldmakethebrainverycold.Ifitisverycold,thebraincanlivewithoutbloodfor30minutes.temperaturewas10turnedthebloodbackonstoppedthebloodtothebrainoperat

29、ions（2018北京）阅读理解北京）阅读理解AMy First Marathon（马拉松）（马拉松）A month before my first marathon,one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks,leaving me only two weeks to train.Yet,I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school.In my first P.E.class,the teacher req

30、uired us to run laps and then hit a softball.I didnt do either well.He later informed me that I was not athletic.The idea that I was not athletic stuck with me for years.When I started running in my 30s,I realized running was a battle against myself,not about competition or whether or not I was athl

31、etic.It was all about the battle against my own body and mind.A test of wills!The night before my marathon,I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line.I woke up sweating and nervous,but ready to prove something to myself.（1）A month before the marathon,the author _.A.was well trained B.felt sca

32、red C.made up his mind to run D.lost hope（2）Why did the author mention the P.E.class in his 7th year?A.To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B.To amuse the readers with a funny story.C.To show he was not talented in sports.D.To share a precious memory.Yet,I was determined to go ahead.I didnt do

33、either well.He later informed me that I was not athletic.Shortly after crossing the start line,my shoe laces(鞋带鞋带)became untied.So I stopped to readjust.Not the start I wanted!At mile 3,I passed a sign:GO FOR IT,RUNNERS!By mile 17,I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly.Despite

34、the pain,I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21,I was starving!As I approached mile 23,I could see my wife waving a sign.She is my biggest fan.She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m.or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish

35、.But I finished!And I got a medal.In fact,I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself,move forward,free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签世俗标签),I can now call myself a marathon winner.（3）How was the authors first marathon?A.He made it.B.He quit half

36、way.C.He got the first prize.D.He walked to the end.（4）What does the story mainly tell us?A.A man owes his success to his family support.B.A winner is one with a great effort of will.C.Failure is the mother of success.D.One is never too old to learn.I was one of the final runners to finish.But I fin

37、ished!And I got a medal.Determined to be myself,move forward,free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签世俗标签),I can now call myself a marathon winner【考点】【考点】主旨大意题，细节理解题，人物故事类，人生百味类，记叙文主旨大意题，细节理解题，人物故事类，人生百味类，记叙文 【解析】【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文，作者在参加马拉松前一个月受了伤，训练时间不足，且在【分析】这是一篇记叙文，作者在参加马拉松前一个月受了伤，训练时间不足，且在初一时就被体育老师说没有

38、运动天赋，但是初一时就被体育老师说没有运动天赋，但是30多岁的他依然坚持跑完马拉松，突破自我，挑战多岁的他依然坚持跑完马拉松，突破自我，挑战不可能不可能。【点评】【点评】本文属于励志的故事类阅读，阅读时要通读文章，弄清文章的主旨大意。答题时注意本文属于励志的故事类阅读，阅读时要通读文章，弄清文章的主旨大意。答题时注意问题中的关键词在文章中的准确定位，根据关键词定位并查找信息，切忌凭感觉做题。问题中的关键词在文章中的准确定位，根据关键词定位并查找信息，切忌凭感觉做题。2017年高考英语阅读理解试题解析ThesunwasrisingwhenDarylsdeliverytruckreachedthe

39、highway.Thiswasthebesttimeofdaytodrive,whentheroadswerewideopenandempty.HefeltsurehewasgoingtomakeittoLosAngelesbeforemidnight.Itlookedlikeitwasgoingtobeagoodday.Thenhesawit,alargelumpinthemiddleoftheroad.Daryloftenpasseddeadanimalsontheroadsidebutheknewthanthiswassomethingdifferent.Heslammedonhisbr

40、akesandthetruckscreechedtoahalt.Thelumpwasagirl.Hetriedshakingherawakebutshewouldntmove,sohepickedherupandcarriedhertothesideoftheroad.Atleastshewouldntberunoverthere.Nowshewassomeoneelsesproblem.HehadtomakeittoLosAngelesbymidnightanddidnthavetimetobeahero.Heclimbedbackintohistruckbutashelookedinhis

41、mirrorandsawthegirllyingstillbythesideoftheroad,heknewhecouldntleaveher.Darylputherintohistruckanddrovetothenexttown.24.WhatdidDarylplantodoinLosAngeles?A.Goonholiday.B.Deliversomegoods.C.Visithismum.D.Reporttohisboss.25.WhydidDarylfirstleavethegirlbythesideoftheroad?A.Hedidntwanttobelate.B.Hethough

42、tthegirlwouldbefine.C.Heknewthatsomeoneelsewouldhelp.D.Heworriedthepolicewouldblamehim.ThesunwasrisingwhenDarylsdeliverytruckreachedthehighway.HehadtomakeittoLosAngelesbymidnightanddidnthavetimetobeahero.Anhourlaterhepulledupatthepolicestation.Afterexplainingwhathadhappened,hepreparedtoleave,onlyfor

43、thepolicemantosaythatheneededtomakeareport.Darylknewthiswouldtakeseveralhours,buthehadnochoice.TherewasnowayhedgettoLosAngelesontimenow.Threehourslaterthereportwasdoneandthegirlhadrecoveredsomewhat.Sheexplainedthatshehadfallenonthehighway,weakfromhunger,butcouldremembernothingelse.ShealsothankedDary

44、lforsavingherlife.Daryltoldherthathehadbeenhappytohelp,butashegotbackintohistruckheknewhisbosswouldntbe.Justashewasabouttopullbackontotheroad,hismothercalled.“Haveyouseen?”shesaid,“Abridgecollapsedtwohoursago,theonethatyoudriveoveronthewaytoLosAngeles.”Darylsbloodruncold.Ifhehadbeenontime,hewouldhav

45、ebeenonthatfallenbridgeabouttwohoursago.Darylrealizedhowluckyhewas.26.HowdidDarylfeelafterheleftthepolicestation?A.Confidentthathewouldbeontime.B.Angrythathehadtomakethereport.C.Proudthathehadsavedthegirlslife.D.Worriedthathisbosswouldbeangry.27.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression“Darylbloodrancold”inth

46、elastparagraphsuggest?A.Darylwasnowfeelingmorerelaxed.B.Darylthoughthewouldbeintrouble.C.Darylwasgreatlyshockedbythenews.D.Darylfeltthesuddenchangeintemperature.Daryltoldherthathehadbeenhappytohelp,butashegotbackintohistruckheknewhisbosswouldntbe.Abridgecollapsedtwohoursago,theonethatyoudriveoveronthewaytoLosAngeles感谢观看感谢观看篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的，因此，篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统谢谢观看！2020