信息检索第6讲课件.ppt

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1、信息检索与文献阅读信息检索与文献阅读（化学（化学0701-0702）2009年年10月月10日日第一部分第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）学时）第二部分第二部分英文阅读材料英文阅读材料（12学时）学时）第三部分第三部分信息检索信息检索（16学时）学时）第一章第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章第二章原子、分子和离子原子、分子和离子第三章第三章气态气态第四章第四章热化学热化学第五章第五章有机化合物和基团的命名有机化合物和基团的命名第六章第六章无机化学无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分、有机化学、物理化学、分 析化学化学术语析化学化学术语第一

2、部分第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）学时）第二部分第二部分英文阅读材料（英文阅读材料（12学时）学时）第一章第一章 松香酸度的标准测试方法松香酸度的标准测试方法 第二章第二章族半导体制备的新方法：族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶纳米晶的超声化学合成的超声化学合成第三章第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟分子离子材料的计算机模拟第四章第四章透射透射Laue法的法的X射线衍射射线衍射第五章第五章销售合同销售合同第六章第六章专利说明书专利说明书第三部分第三部分信息检索（信息检索（16学时）学时）第一章第一章信息检索基础信息检索基础第二章第二章超星图书馆超星图书馆第三章第三章中

3、国期刊网中国期刊网第四章第四章维普维普第五章第五章工程索引（工程索引（Ei）第六章第六章美国化学文摘（美国化学文摘（CA）第七章第七章专利专利教材和参考书：教材和参考书：1、魏魏高高原原，化化学学专专业业基基础础英英语语知知识识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），），北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，2004。2、ReadingMaterials(自编讲义自编讲义)。3 3、陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，20052005。4 4、万锡仁，万锡仁，Information Retrieval a

4、nd Related Information Retrieval and Related Reading MaterialsReading Materials，（待出版）。，（待出版）。5、美美PhilipBall著著，魏魏高高原原等等注注释释，化化学学专专业业基基础础英英语（语（II），），北京大学出版社，北京大学出版社，2001。课堂教学内容安排课堂教学内容安排第一节课第一节课教学要求说明教学要求说明词汇预习词汇预习课文阅读理解课文阅读理解第二节课第二节课课文阅读理解（续）课文阅读理解（续）答疑答疑布置课后作业布置课后作业课堂书面练习课堂书面练习Chapter6Inorganicchemi

5、cal,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms第六章第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语1、无机化学术语（、无机化学术语（I）一、教学要求一、教学要求掌握：掌握：常用的无机化学的化学术语和常用的无机化学的化学术语和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和理解。理解。熟悉：无机化学（中文）熟悉：无机化学（中文）了解：不常用的元素的英文名称了解：不常用的元素的英文名称。二、二、词汇（词汇（NewWord

6、sandExpressions）periodictable元素周期表元素周期表electronicstructure电子结构电子结构periodicity周期性周期性classical经典的经典的wavelength波长波长frequency频率频率wavenumber波数波数diffraction衍射衍射obstacle障碍物障碍物quantum量子量子quantized量子化量子化quantumtheory量子理论量子理论photoelectriceffect光电效应光电效应photon光子光子whole-numbermultiple整数倍整数倍Einstein爱因斯坦爱因斯坦shineo

7、n照到照到.上上device器件器件automaticdooropener自动开门器自动开门器radiantenergy辐射能量辐射能量quantummechanics量子力学量子力学Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple海森堡测不准原理海森堡测不准原理momentum动量动量simultaneously同时地同时地directional方向的方向的maintain保持保持angularmomentum角动量角动量groundstate基态基态excitedstate激发态激发态quantumnumber量子数量子数radius（radii）半径）半径lowestener

8、gyorbital最低能量轨道最低能量轨道multiplier乘数乘数atomicorbital原子轨道原子轨道thefourquantumnumber四个量子数四个量子数specificenergy特定能量特定能量Schrodingerequation薛定谔方程薛定谔方程spinquantumnumber自旋量子数自旋量子数principalquantumnumber主量子数主量子数angularmomentumquantumnumber角量子数角量子数magneticquantumnumber磁量子数磁量子数pindown使使约束约束electronconfiguration电子组态电子组

9、态Pauliexclusionpriciple不相容原理不相容原理Hundsprinciple洪特洪特规则规则subshell亚层亚层paramagnetism顺顺磁性磁性diamagnetism反磁性反磁性magneticfield磁场磁场unpairedelectron未成对电子未成对电子group族族period周期周期noblegas惰性气体惰性气体representativeelement主族元素主族元素transitionelement过渡元素过渡元素alkalimetal碱金属碱金属alkalineearthmetal碱土金属碱土金属transuranium超铀的超铀的metal

10、金属金属nonmetal非金属非金属semiconductingelement半导体元素半导体元素三、课文的阅读理解三、课文的阅读理解学生阅读课文学生阅读课文510分钟，教分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。译成中文，教师及时评讲。1.periodictable,electronicstructure（元素周期表，电子结构（元素周期表，电子结构）The periodic table groups theelements in order of increasingatomicnumberinsuchawaythatelements with

11、similar propertiesfallneareachother.Astheatomicnumber increases,the number ofelectronsineachatomalsoincreases.Afullappreciation正正 确确 评评 价价 ofelectronic structure-how theelectrons are arranged in atoms-isessential必必要要的的for understanding thesimilarities and periodicities of theelements.Understandingel

12、ectronicstructure,in turn,requires a briefexcursion into classical and modernphysics.(The word classical isgenerally used for anything that wasestablishedandimportantinthepast.)2.wavelength,frequency,wavenumber,diffraction（波长、频率、波数和衍射波长、频率、波数和衍射）Wavelength(,Greek lambda)is thedistance between any tw

13、o similar pointson adjacent waves.The frequency(,Greek nu)of light is the number ofcomplete waves,also known as thenumberofcycles,passingagivenpointinaunitoftime.(Noticethatthespeedoflightisequaltotheproduct and,i.e.,c=.)The wave number is thenumber of wavelengths perunitoflengthcovered,i.e.=1/.Diff

14、ractionisthespreading of waves as theypass obstacles or openings，小小 孔孔 comparable in size totheirwavelength.3.quantum,quantized,quantumtheory,photoelectriceffect,photon（量量子子、量量子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）子化、量子理论、光电效应和光子）Lightcanberegardedasmadeupofparticleseach of which carries a definite amount ofenergy,referr

15、edtoasaquantum.Something(物物理理量量)thatisquantized使使量量子子化化isrestrictedtoamountsthatarewhole-numbermultiplesofthebasicunit,orquantum,fortheparticularsystem.Quantum theory is ageneral term for the ideathat energy is quantizedand the consequences ofthatidea.By assuming that light is quantized,Einstein was

16、 able to explain thephotoelectric effect,in which electronsarereleasedbycertainmetals(particularly Cs and the other alkalimetals,Li,Na,K,and Rb(Rubidium)whenlightshines照照耀耀on照照到到.上上them.(The photoelectric effect is used inpracticaldevicessuchasautomaticdooropeners(开开 门门 器器).)A quantum ofradiantenerg

17、yiscalledaphoton.4.quantummechanics,Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple,momentum（量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）量子力学，海森堡测不准原理，动量）Mechanics is the study ofmotion,and quantum mechanics(is)thatreferstothestudyofthemotionofentities实实体体thataresmallenoughandmovefastenoughtohavebothobservablewavelikeandparticlelikeproperties

18、.WhatiscalledtheHeisenberguncertainty principle may bestatedasfollows:Itisimpossibletoknowsimultaneouslyboththeexact momentum and the exactpositionofanelectron.(Momentumismasstimesvelocity.Itexpressesnotonlythetendency of a moving body tokeep moving,but also,sincevelocityisadirectionalquantity,to ma

19、intain the direction of itsmotion.)5.angular momentum,ground state,excitedstates,quantumnumber角动量、基态、激发态和量子数角动量、基态、激发态和量子数Angularmomentum,whichisgivenby mass times velocity times theradius of a bodys motion,is ameasureofthetendencyofabodytokeepmovingonacurvedpath.Thelowest energy orbital,the one inw

20、hich the single electron in ahydrogen atom normally resides,isthegroundstateforthatelectron.The states of energy higherthanthegroundstateareexcitedstates,reached by the electronwhen the atom has absorbedextraenergy.Aquantumnumberisawhole-numbermultiplierthatspecifiesanamountofenergy.6.atomicorbital,

21、thefourquantumnumbers(原子的轨道和四个量子数原子的轨道和四个量子数)The region in which an electronwith a specific energy will mostprobablybelocatediscalledanatomicorbital.Thedesignationoftheorbitallocationofanelectronrequiresfourquantum numbers.Independent ofany experienced evidence,three ofthem arise from solutions of t

22、heSchrodingerequation.Afourthquantumnumber,thespin quantum number ms(=-1/2,+1/2),isneededtocompletethedesignationofeachindividualelectron within an atom(becausetheelectroncanoccupytheorbitalin two different orientations).Thefirstquantumnumber,theprincipalquantumnumbern,identifies确确 定定 the main energ

23、ylevels(likethebalconies).The second,the subshell亚亚 层层quantumnumberl(=0,1,2,.n-1)(traditionally called either theangular momentum or azimuthal方方 位位 角角 的的 quantumnumber)identifies sublevels of energy亚亚能能级级within the main energy level(liketherowsineachbalcony).The third quantum numberis the orbital qu

24、antum numberml(=-l,.,0,.+l)(traditionallycalledthemagneticquantumnumber)-itpinsdown（使使约约束束）thelocationofindividualelectronsinorbitals(liketheseatsineachrow).7.electron configuration,Pauli exclusionpriciple,Hunds principle（电电子子组组态态，Pauli不相容原理不相容原理,Hunds规则）规则）The electronic configuration of anatom is

25、the distribution among thesubshells of all of the electrons in theatom.Pauliexclusionprinciple:Notwoelectrons can have the same(four)quantumnumbers.Hundsprinciple：Orbitals of equal energy are eachoccupiedbyasingleelectronbeforeanyofthemacquiresasecondelectron.8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism（顺顺磁性磁性,反磁性反

26、磁性）Paramagnetism顺顺 磁磁 性性 is theproperty of attraction to amagneticfieldshownbysubstances containing unpairedelectrons.Diamagnetism反反磁磁性性isthepropertyofrepulsionbyamagnetic field and shows theabsenceofunpairedelectrons.9.group(family),period,noblegas（族（族(家族的家族的)，周期，周期,惰性气体）惰性气体）The elements in a sing

27、le verticalcolumn in the periodic table arereferredtoasmembersofagrouporfamily.Ahorizontalrowintheperiodictable is called a period.Each periodends with a noble gas-an element inwhich all energy sublevels（亚亚层层）thatareoccupiedarecompletelyfilled.10.representativeelements,transitionelements（主族元素和过渡元素（主

28、族元素和过渡元素）The elements in which the s and psublevels are filling are called therepresentative elements,which includealkalimetals(GroupI),alkalineearthmetals(Group),chalcogens(GroupVI)and halogens(Group VII ).Thetransitionelementsincludeallelementsinwhichthedorfsublevelsarefilling.These are referred t

29、o as the d-transitionelementsandthef-transitionelements.(The lanthanides and theactinides are f-transition elements.)Sometimesthef-transitionelementsarecalled the inner transition elements.Scandium,yttrium,andallofthesixth-period elements from lanthanum tolutetium are also known as the rareearthelem

30、ents.Followinguranium(Z=92)comethetransuraniumelements.11.metals,nonmetals,semiconductingelements（金属、非金属、半导体元素）金属、非金属、半导体元素）Bothinpositionintheperiodictableandinproperties,thesemiconductingelementsfallbetweenthemetalsandthenonmetals.12.chemical bond,valence electrons,LewissymbolInwritingadefinitiono

31、fthechemicalbondwemustdistinguish chemical bondingfrom other,weaker and lesslong-lastingforces.We choose to define thechemical bond as a force thatacts strongly enough betweentwoatomsorgroupsofatomstoholdthemtogetherinadifferentspeciesthathasmeasurable properties.Valenceelectrons are the electrons t

32、hatare available to take part inchemicalbonding.(Thenumberofvalenceelectronsinan atom of a representative elementequals to the group number of thatelement.)InaLewissymboltheouterelectrons are indicated by dots(orcircles,orxs,etc.)arrangedaroundtheatomicsymbol.Thepairingoftwoelectrons（成成对对电电子子）inthes

33、ameorbitalisrepresentedbytwodotsonthesamesideofthesymbol.13.chemicalstability,octetrule,chemicalreactivity（化化学学稳稳定定性性,八八电电子规则子规则,化学反应性）化学反应性）Thenoble惰惰性性的的gasesfallattheendof each period in the periodic tableandasagroup（they）aretheleastreactive of all the elements.Thisresistance to chemical change,o

34、rchemicalstability,iscreditedto,把把.归归给给thecompletelyfilledoutersandpsubshellsofthenoblegases.Accordingtotheoctetrule,atomstendtocombinebygain,loss,orsharing of electron so that theouter energy level of each atomholds(拥拥有有)orsharesfourpairsof electrons.Sodium is a silverymetal that has high chemicalr

35、eactivity,that is,a tendency toundergochemicalreactions.14.metallicbonding,ionicbonding(金属键、离子键）金属键、离子键）Metallicbondingistheattractionbetweenpositivemetal ions and surrounding,freely mobile electrons.Ionicbondingistheattractionbetween positive and negativeions.四、答疑四、答疑一一般般情情况况下下，争争对对学学生生提提出的问题进行个别答疑

36、。出的问题进行个别答疑。1TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2TranslatethistextintoChinese.五、课后作业五、课后作业复习内容：复习内容：1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；2、本课文的全文翻译。、本课文的全文翻译。预习内容：预习内容：第六章第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语语1、无机化学术语（、无机化学术语（II）六、课堂练习六、课堂练

37、习The acitivity of a catalyst is properlyexpressedastherateperunitarea(usuallyperm2)ofactivesurface,andcomparisons between different catalystshavetobemadeonthisbasis.Evenwhentheinertmaterialispresent,measurementof the total surface area is a matter ofgreatimportance.Itisnormallydesirablefor the catal

38、yst to have a high surfacearea,butthereisalimittowhatcanbeachieved merely by making the particlesizeverysmall.07 Values of molar mass calculatedusingtheidealgaslawaregoodonlytotheextentthatthegasbehavesasanidealgas.However,allrealgasesapproachidealgasbehavioratverylowpressures,soacommontechniqueforo

39、btainingveryaccuratemolar masses is to measure thedensity of a gas at various lowpressures,将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题：将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题：calculated/pfromthedata,plotd/pagainstp,extrapolatethecurvetop=0tofindtheintercept,andcalculatethemolarmass,M,using M-(intercept)RT where R=0.0820568 L.atm/(K.mol).Find the molarmassforSO2fromthefollowingdataat0:pinatm0.10.0110.0010.0001(d/p)ing/(L.atm)2.8649742.8588002.8581832.858121Assumethatthetemperatureandpressurevaluesareexact.ThankYou!