第二章医学词汇的来源最精简精选PPT.ppt

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1、第二章医学词汇的来源最精简第1页，本讲稿共92页-omicsgenomicsmetabolomicsproteomicstranscriptomicslipidomicsimmunomicsglycomicsRnomicsAbenomicsLikonomicsEconomics第2页，本讲稿共92页Two Types of Medical Terms Native=Anglo-saxon Borrowed=loan-word第3页，本讲稿共92页Two Types of Medical Terms Borrowed words,or loan-words:taken from other la

2、nguages largely based upon Greek,Latin and French vocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology.第4页，本讲稿共92页Words evolved from old English Most medical words from old English denote:anatomic structuresOrgansSubstancesbasic concepts of human activities

3、第5页，本讲稿共92页Words evolved from old English Changes concerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)第6页，本讲稿共92页Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfever第7页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic word

4、s Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood In O.E.,spelt as blodperhaps originally meant“to swell,gush,spurt”or that which bursts out”.第8页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood bleedinghemorrhagecerebral hemorrhage脑溢血;脑出血internal hemorrh

5、age内出血subarachnoid hemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subdural hemorrhage硬脑膜下出血第9页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestchest In O.E.,cest meaning“box,coffer”.a medicine chest(药箱)第10页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical ChangeschestThe meanin

6、g was extended to“thorax”in 1530 and replaced breast,on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs.第11页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestflat chest扁平胸seen in weak peopleor people withchronic consumption 第12页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved

7、 from old English With Semantical Changeschest桶状胸barrel chestcommonly seen in patient with emphysema第13页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestrachitic chest rE5kitik佝偻病胸 鸡胸pigeon chestpeople withrachitis rE5kaitis第14页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved fr

8、om old English With Semantical Changeschestfunnel chest 漏斗胸 第15页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan It was organe in O.E.,and orgene in O.Fr.(Old French),both meaning“musical instrument”.第16页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Sem

9、antical Changesorgan Sense was narrowed in late M.E.to modern musical instrument known by that name(风琴).第17页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan Great Organ Works伟大管风琴作品Organ Favorites 最著名的管风琴曲 第18页，本讲稿共92页Anatomic words Words evolved from old English Wi

10、th Semantical Changesorgan The meaning“functioning body part”appeared in English in 1392.What are they?第19页，本讲稿共92页第20页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek Process第21页，本讲稿共92页Early Modern English(1500-1800)Time:1500-1800Event:Renaissance Result:wave of innovation in English 第22页，本讲稿共92页Words originat

11、ed from Greek acneIt was borrowed from Gk.akme in 1570,meaning“(highest)point”.It contains the base“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”第23页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek acnewhiteheads blackheads pustules nodules,or cysts 第24页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek acneacne vulgaris 寻常性痤疮 a conditio

12、n of the epidermis or skintypically occurs on the face,neck,upper back,chest,or shoulders.第25页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek anorexiaanorexia It entered English from Greek anorexia in 1598.Made from an-(without)and orexis(appetite,desire),it means“lack of appetite”.Anorexia nervosa(emaciation a

13、s a result of severe emotional disturbance)was coined 1873 by William Whitney Gull(1816-1890).第26页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek diagnosisWe show in this first case report that a diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia(HCL)can be accurately rendered EUS-FNA samples.To consistently make a diagnosis of

14、gastritis,knowledge of the structures seen in normal stomach is required.第27页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek diagnosismisdiagnosis misdiagnoseMany gifted and talented children(and adults)are being mis-diagnosed by psychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,and other health care professionals.dual

15、 diagnosis第28页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek diagnoseBack-formation diagnose was first recorded 1861.Diagnostic was recorded from 1625.第29页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek metastasisEntering English in 1577,it was derived from Greek metastasis(transference,removal,change),which was evolved f

16、rom methistanai(to remove,change)composed of meta-(over,across)and histanai(to place,cause to stand).第30页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek metastasismE5tAstEsis It was first used in medicine referring to“shift of disease from one part of the body to another”in English from 1663.第31页，本讲稿共92页Words o

17、riginated from Greek necrosis Entering English in 1665,it was evolved from Greek nekrosis(becoming dead,state of death),formed from the base nekros(dead body,corpse).第32页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Greek necrosise.g.necrodermatitis坏死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia恋尸狂,恋尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖第33页，本讲稿共92页W

18、ords originated from Latin The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest.As Norman invaders spoke a language that derives f

19、rom Ancient Latin,borrowing from Latin was inevitable.第34页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin abscessIt was borrowed into English from Latin abscessus(an abscess)in 1543.Literally meaning“a going away,”it is derived from ab-(away)and cedere(to go)The notion is that humors“go from”the body through th

20、e pus in the swelling.第35页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin aortaBorrowed into English in 1578 from Middle Latin aorta,the term was applied by Aristotle to the great artery of the heart.It literally meant“what is hung up.”第36页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin autopsyBorrowed into English from Mo

21、dern Latin autopsia(an eye-witnessing)in1651,it is formed from autos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“a sight.”Sense of“dissection of a body to determine cause of death”is first recorded 1678.第37页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin autopsyalso called necropsypostmortem postmortem examination第38页，本讲稿共92页Words

22、 originated from Latin bacteriaThe plural form of Modern Latin of bacterium,it comes into English in 1847.The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion(small staff),the diminitutive of baktron(stick,rod).It is so called because the first ones observed were rod-shaped.第39页，本讲稿共92页Words originated f

23、rom Latin cell It is made from Latin cella(small room,hut),related to Latin celare(to hide,conceal).The earliest sense was for monastic rooms,then prison rooms.It began to be used in biology in the 17th century but not in modern sense until 1845.第40页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin clinicIt was b

24、orrowed in 1626 from Latin clinicus(physician),which was formed from Greek klinike(practice at the sickbed).from klinikos“of the bed.”It was originally used as an adjective in English,then to refer a“sick person.”The sense of“hospital”was first recorded in 1884.第41页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Lati

25、n cortexEntering English in 1653 from Latin,originally meaning“bark of a tree.”Specific reference of“the outer layer of the brain”was first recorded in 1741.第42页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin the cortex ofthe brain the adrenal gland the kidney the cerebellumbrain cortex/cerebral cortexadrenal c

26、ortexrenal cortexcerebellar cortex第43页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin hydrophobiaIt was from late Latin hydrophobia,from hydros(water)and phobos(dread,fear).It is so called because human sufferers show aversion to water and have difficulty swallowing it.第44页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin hy

27、drophobiaalso called rabies/mad dog disease第45页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin inflameIt was made from Latin inflammare(to set on fire,kindle),from in(in)+flammare(to flame).Literal sense of“to cause to burn”was first recorded in English in 1382.Inflammation(redness or swelling in a body part)be

28、gan to be used from 1533.第46页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红肿热痛other terms of inflammation浸润渗出渗出液第47页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/swelling热:calor/hotness痛:dolor/painother terms of inflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudatio

29、n渗出液:exudate第48页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin medicineOriginally ars medicina(the medical art)in Latin,it entering English around 1225 from medicina.第49页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin muscleMade in 1533 from Latin musculus(a muscle),which literally means“little mouse,”the diminutive of mu

30、s(mouse).第50页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin muscleIt is so called because the shape and movement of some muscles(notably biceps)were thought to resemble mice.analogy in Greek:mys is both“mouse”and“muscle,”and its combing form gives the medical prefix my/myo.第51页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Lat

31、in obstetricsIt was borrowed in 1742 from Modern Latin obstetricus(pertaining to a midwife),which was formed from obstetrix(midwife).Made from obstare(stand opposite to),it literally means“one who stands opposite(the woman giving birth)”.第52页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin placeboIt is Middle En

32、glish from Latin placebo(I shall please).It was originally used for the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead,being the first word of the first antiphon,that is,“Placebo Domino in regione vivorum”(I will please(我愿意)the Lord in the land of the living).第53页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin place

33、boMedical sense(a medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient)is first recorded 1785.第54页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin panacea7pAnE5siE7pAnE5siEIt came into English in 1548 from Latin panacea(an allhealing herb),which originated from Greek panakeia(cureall),from pan(all)and akos(

34、cure).第55页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Latin panacea“hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。第56页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Arabian 第57页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Arabian Chemistry alchemy 炼金术dura mater dura mate

35、r cerebri=hard mother of brainpia mater pia mater cerebri=soft mother of brain第58页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from Arabian cephalic vein 头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilic vein 贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrup第59页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French 第60页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French After the Norman Conquest,the conque

36、rors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.As French language itself is a modified form of Latin,many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Greek,since many words form this language had passed into Latin.第61页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from

37、 French migraine(a severe form of headache,usually unilateral).French:migraineLatin hemicraniaGreek hemikrania(pain on one side of the head),from the prefix hemi-(half)and kranion(skull).第62页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French BenignIt came from Old French benigne(good,kind)in about 1320,derived fr

38、om bene(well)and gignere(to bear,beget).benefitbenedictionbeneficent第63页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French MortuaryBorrowed into English in 1330 from AngloFrench mortuarie(gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner),it was first used to refer to“a place where bodies are kept temporarily”i

39、n 1865 as a euphemism for earlier deadhouse.第64页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French EmbolismBorrowed into English in 1387 from Old French embolisme,it originally meant“intercalation(置润)of days into a calendar”as the French word was derived from late Latin embolismus(insertion of days in a calendar

40、to correct errors).Its medical sense of“obstruction of a blood vessel”is first recorded in English in 1855.第65页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French MalaisemA5leizBorrowed in 1768 from French malaise,it literally means“illease”.The French word is formed from mal(bad)and aise(ease).第66页，本讲稿共92页Words o

41、riginated from French SurgeonIt was borrowed into English in about 1300 from AngloFrench surgien(originally,working or done by hand).第67页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French Prostate5prCsteitIt entered English in 1646 from Middle French prostate,which was ultimately based on Greek proistanai(set bef

42、ore),from pro(before)and histanai(cause to stand).It was so called because of its position at the base of the bladder.第68页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis 前列腺肥大prostate hypertrophy/enlargement/enlarged prostate 前列腺痛prostatodynia 第69页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French Pr

43、ostate前列腺切除术 prostatectomy prostaglandin 前列腺素第70页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from French bruit 杂音杂音chancre 下疳下疳debridement 清创术清创术goiter甲状腺肿甲状腺肿grand/petit mal癫痫大小发作癫痫大小发作lavage灌洗灌洗massage按摩按摩第71页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German German第72页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German Starting from 19th centu

44、ry,German made great progress in science and technology.Such advances necessitate new vocabulary to denote new findings,discoveries,concepts and substances.Some medical terms were first coined in German and then introduced into English.第73页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German aspirin It was coined i

45、n 1899 in German as a trademark name either from Greek a(without)and Latin spiraea(ulmaria),the plant in whose flowers or leaves the processed acid in the medicine is found naturally.Hence aspirin means“acetylosalicylic acid which is gained not from the Spiraea ulmaria(but in a chemical way)”.第74页，本

46、讲稿共92页Words originated from German aspirin Or it may be a contraction of acetylierte spirsure,the German name of the acid.第75页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German ChemotherapyIt came into English in 1907 from German Chemotherapie coined by German biochemist Paul Ehrlich from chemo and therapie.第76页，

47、本讲稿共92页Words originated from German chromosome It entered English in 1889 from German chromosom,coined the previous year by German anatomist Wilhelm von WaldeyerHartz from Greek chroma(color)and soma(body).It is so called because the structures contain a substance that stains readily with basic dyes

48、.第77页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German gene Coming into English in 1911 from German Gen,it was coined in 1905 by Danish scientist Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen(18571927),from Greek genea“generation,race”.Genes had earlier been called pangenes.第78页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German GenomeLiterally me

49、aning“sum total of genes in a set,”it was borrowed into English in 1930 from German genom,which was coined in 1920 by German botanist Hans Winkler from gen(gene)and(chromos)om(chromosome).第79页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German PsychoanalysisIt was borrowed into English in 1906 from German Psychoan

50、alyse,coined 1896 by Freud from Greek psykhe(mental)and German analyse.Psychoanalyst and psychoanalyze were both first attested in 1911.第80页，本讲稿共92页Words originated from German SchizophreniaIt entered English in 1912 from German schizophrenie coined by E.Bleuler in 1910 from Greek skhizein(to split)