2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语(一)真题+解析答案.pdf

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1、20212021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）英语（一）（科目代码：（科目代码：201201）考生注意事项考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上， 非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。3. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用 2B铅笔填涂。4. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。SectionSection Use of

2、EnglishUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memoryand the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstract

3、ly in order to solve new problems.It _1_ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then _2_ starts toslowly decline as we age. But _3_ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certainchanges in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the _4_ of body fat

4、around the abdomenare associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the _5_ that lifestylefactors might help prevent or _6_ this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that _7_ measurements of lean muscle andabdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and wom

5、en and _8_that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found thatmiddle-aged people _9_ higher measures of abdominal fat _10_ worse on measuresof fluid intelligence as the years _11_.1 1 / 1919For women, the association may be _12_ to changes in immunity that resu

6、ltedfrom excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be _13_. Itis hoped that future studies could _14_ these differences and perhaps lead to different_15_ for men and women._16_ there are steps you can _17_ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintainlean muscle mass as you age i

7、n order to protect both your physical and mental _18_.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_19_ of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style _20_ that is high infiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.A pauses3.A while4.A detection5.A possi

8、bility6.A delay7.A modified8.A devoted9.A with10. A lived11. A ran out12. A superior13. A restored14. A alter16. A Likewise17. A change18. A well-being19. A level20. A designB returnsB sinceB accumulation.B decisionB ensureB supportedB comparedB aboveB managedB set offB attributableB isolatedB sprea

9、dB MeanwhileB watchB processB loveB routine2 2 / 1919C peaksC accidentallyC onceC consumptionC goalC seekC includedC convertedC byC scoredC drew inC parallelC involvedC removeC demandsC ThereforeC countC formationC knowledgeC dietD fadesD generallyD untilD separationD requirementD utilizeD predicted

10、D appliedD againstD playedD went byD resistantD controlledD explainD treatmentsD InsteadD takeD coordinationD spaceD prescription2.A alternativelyB formally15. A compensation B symptomsSectionSection Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionPart APart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Ans

11、wer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passengerfares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travellingby tra

12、in rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but touse the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the officialConsumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflatio

13、n.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the costof investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, ratherthan the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner fromLincolnshire have to subsidise the daily co

14、mmute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equallythere is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will faceamong the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who mustendure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, ove

15、r the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced someof the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting theimprovements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expecta basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now pay

16、ing to travel. Theresponsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strongcase that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receivecompensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce

17、a minimum servicerequirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. Thisshould form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problemson Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing3 3 / 1919to pay more indef

18、initely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance ismanaged incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers

19、 is not addressedin short order.21. The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares _.A will ease train operations burden.B has kept pace with inflation.C is a big surprise to commuters.D remains an unreasonable measure.22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for _.A c

20、ar driversB rail travelersC local investorsD ordinary taxpayers23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators _.A are offering compensations to commuters.B are trying to repair relations with the unions.C have failed to provide an adequate service.D have suffered huge losses owing to the st

21、rikes.24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face _.A the loss of investment.B the collapse of operations.C a reduction of revenueD a change of ownership.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B Constant Complaining

22、 Doesnt WorkC Can Nationalization Bring Hope?D Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable4 4 / 1919Text 2Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate ofdeforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the countrysantipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia s

23、tarted phasing in program that gives money to its poorestresidents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or getregular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistanceprograms are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of

24、 poverty. Theyrealready used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has providedenough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems amongchildren.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental

25、 protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However,those correlations dont

26、prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzingcausality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditionalview. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land forcattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to nega

27、tively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highestdeforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss

28、from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forestedvillages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of theCCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomicchanges, which were also affecting f

29、orest loss. With that, we see that the program isassociated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation, Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurancepolicies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people5 5 / 1919may

30、clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess. Ferraro suggests theimportance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferabili

31、ty, thestudy shows that whats good for people may also be good for the value of the avoideddeforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _.A facilitate health care reform.B help poor families get be

32、tter off.C improve local education systems.D lower deforestation rates.27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _.A cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.B CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.C antipoverty efforts require the p

33、articipation of local farmers.D economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _.A its acceptance level of CCTs.B its annual rate of poverty alleviation.C the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.D the role of its forests in clim

34、ate change.29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _.A it will benefit other Asian countries.B it will reduce regional inequality.C it can protect the environment.D it can boost grain production.30. What is the text centered on?A The effects of a program.B The

35、 debates over a program.C The process of a study.D The transferability of a study.6 6 / 1919Text 3Text 3As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show ourVictorian ancestors smiling (wha

36、t better way to shatter the image of 19th-centuryprudery?). Ive found quite a few, and since I started posting them on Twitter theyhave been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorianshad fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly

37、 seem tobecome more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through ourcommon experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes uponly a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840 and 1900

38、, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in frontof painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explainthis trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times werenotoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic

39、method (producing an image on asilvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurredimages as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixedgrin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so anon-committ

40、al blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of theBox Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by todays digitalstandards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relativelyeasy to capture by the 1890

41、s, sowe must look elsewhere for an explanation of whyVictorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth, ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding tothe fact that before the birth of proper dentist

42、ry, mouths were often in a shocking stateof hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular pearly whites was a rare sightin Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene wasnot guaranteed).7 7 / 1919A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened

43、 teeth) lacked class:drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grinwith a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came

44、 to photographic portraits there could be nothingmore damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever.31. According to Paragraph 1, the authors posts on Twitter _A changed peoples impression of the Victorians.B highlighted social medias role in Victorian studies.C re-evaluated the Victorians notio

45、n of public image.D illustrated the development of Victorian photography.32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A They are in popular use among historians.B They are rare among photographs of that age.C They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D They show effects

46、of different exposure times.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?A Their inherent social sensitiveness.B Their tension before the camera.C Their distrust of new inventions.D Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapprov

47、al of smiles in pictures was _.A a deep-root belief.B a misguided attitude.C a controversial view.D a thought-provoking idea.35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?A Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B Why did the Victorians start view photographs?C What made photo

48、graphy develop slowly in the Victorian period?D How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?8 8 / 1919Text 4Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-basedcompanies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connectionshad the power and

49、 incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. Thats whythere has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providersfrom picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that havebeen the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been a

50、lmost impossible to fill in part because of pushbackfrom broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federalappeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing badly neededresolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U. S. Court of Appeals for th