被动语态语法点滴(完整版).ppt

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1、 英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态是指在语被动语态是指在语言交际过程中，及物动词的宾语充当句子的主语，或言交际过程中，及物动词的宾语充当句子的主语，或指会话中先说出动作的对象，其目的是：有时动作无指会话中先说出动作的对象，其目的是：有时动作无动作执行者，无法表达句子的主语；或强调动作的对动作执行者，无法表达句子的主语；或强调动作的对象；或根据句法结构的需要，使用被动语态，以达到象；或根据句法结构的需要，使用被动语态，以达到交际目的，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。交际目的，被

2、动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。They will build a new bridge over the river.(主动主动)A new bridge will be built over the river.(被动被动)汉汉语语中中常常用用“被被”、“给给”、“由由”、“受受”等等词词用用来来表表示示被被动动，而而英英语语用用：助助助助动动动动词词词词be be+及及及及物物物物动动动动词词词词的的的的过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词构成。构成。前言前言被被被被 动动动动 语语语语 态态态态 的的的的 使使使使 用用用用语态转换时语态转换时语态转换时语态转换时要注意的要注意的要注意的要注

3、意的问题问题问题问题独特的独特的具体要求具体要求主动变被动主动变被动的的动词要求动词要求主动句不能改为主动句不能改为主动句不能改为主动句不能改为被动句的情况被动句的情况被动句的情况被动句的情况练习练习主动形式主动形式表示表示被动意义被动意义1.1.当当不不知知道道或或没没有有必必要要指指出出动动作作的的执执行行者者时时，常常用用被被动动语语态态，这时往往不用这时往往不用by 短语。短语。“Mr.Mr.White,White,the the cup cup with with mixture mixture was was broken broken after after class.clas

4、s.”(只只是是告告诉诉老老师师杯杯子子坏坏了了，不不知知是是谁谁弄弄坏坏的的，或或不不想说出谁弄坏的想说出谁弄坏的)。2.2.突突出出或或强强调调动动作作的的承承受受者者，如如果果需需要要说说出出动动作作的的执执行行者者，用用by 短语。短语。These records were made by John Denver.These records were made by John Denver.3 3.当当汉汉语语句句子子的的主主语语既既不不是是动动作作的的执执行行者者，也也不不是是动动作作的的承承受受者时，这时常用者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。短语

5、。These cars were made in China.These cars were made in China.被被 动动 语语 态态 的的 使使 用用 主要体现在主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一的变化形式完全一样。以样。以givegive 为例，列表如下：为例，列表如下：一般现在时：一般现在时：am/is/are+given 一般过去时：一般过去时：was/were+given 一般将来时：一般将来时：shall/will+be+given 现在进行时：现在进行时：am/is/are+being+given 现在完成时：现在完成时：

6、have/has+been+given 过去完成时：过去完成时：had+been+given 过去进行时：过去进行时：was/were+being+given 过去将来时：过去将来时：should/would+be+given 将来完成时：将来完成时：shall/will+have been+given 过去将来完成时：过去将来完成时：should/would+have been+given can/could +be done注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

7、被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态1.一般现在时：一般现在时：People grow rice in the south of the country.Rice is grown in the south of the country.Rice is grown in the south of the country.The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.We are not allowed to enter the chemistry

8、 lab We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.without a teacher.2.一般过去时：一般过去时：They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.The students didnt fo

9、rget his lessons easily.His lessons were not easily forgotten.His lessons were not easily forgotten.3.一般将来时：一般将来时：They will send cars abroad by sea.Cars will be sent abroad by sea.Cars will be sent abroad by sea.They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.Plenty of jobs will be given to school-l

10、eavers.Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.4.过去将来时：过去将来时：The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.The manager said the project would be completed by the end The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.of the year.The workers told m

11、e they would mend the car as soon as possible.The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.possible.5.现在进行时：现在进行时：The radio is broadcasting English lessons.English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.English l

12、essons are being broadcasted on the radio.We are painting the rooms.The rooms are being painted.The rooms are being painted.6.过去进行时：过去进行时：Why didnt they drive there on time?Because the workers were mending the road.Because the road was being mended.Because the road was being mended.This time last ye

13、ar we were planting trees here.Trees were being planted here this time last year.Trees were being planted here this time last year.7.现在完成时：现在完成时：Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.the sports meet might be put off.I have been told the sports meet might be put off.I have been told th

14、e sports meet might be put off.We have brought down the price.The price has been brought down.The price has been brought down.8.过去完成时：When I got to the theatre,I found they had already sold out the tickets.When I got to the theatre,I found the tickets had already been sold out.The whole country was

15、very sad at the news of his death;People had considered him to be a great leader.He had been considered to be a great leader.9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词”构成。构成。You must hand in your compositions after class.Your compositions Your compositions mu

16、st be handed inmust be handed in after class.after class.He can write a great many letters with the computer.A great many letters A great many letters can be writtencan be written with the with the computer by puter by him.主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）My aunt invited me to her

17、dinner party.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 I was invited (by my aunt)to her dinner party.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语（2）The school set up a special class to help poor readers.A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.返回返回一、总体注意：一、总体注意：1.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的

18、be+过去过去分词分词，时态要与原句保持一致。，时态要与原句保持一致。3.3.把主动语态的主语变为介词把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。地点名词作状语。语态转换时要注意的问题语态转换时要注意的问题 被动句中，动作的执行者一般不表示，如表示，被动句中，动作的执行者一般不表示，如表示，则用则用 by by sbsb.短语，而短语短语，而短语 with with sthsth.一般表示一般表示“用用某种

19、材料或工具某种材料或工具”等。等。Eg.This picture is being painted by Tom.The hall is filled with smoke.有时同一个句子，用不同短语含义不同有时同一个句子，用不同短语含义不同,如：如：He was killed by a stone.他被石头砸死了。（可能是山上滚下来的石头。）他被石头砸死了。（可能是山上滚下来的石头。）He was killed with a stone.他被石头砸死了。他被石头砸死了。（可能是别人用石头砸的。）可能是别人用石头砸的。）4.主动变为被动，句子的种类不变。主动变为被动，句子的种类不变。Eg.Ca

20、n you tell me the story?Can the story be told to me?5.5.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。语保持一致。语保持一致。语保持一致。We have bought a new computer.We have bought a n

21、ew computer.A new computer has been bought.(A new computer has been bought.(正确正确正确正确)A new computer have been bought.(A new computer have been bought.(错误错误错误错误)6 6、被动语态与系表结构：、被动语态与系表结构：Eg.The desk was broken by Bob.被动动作被动动作The desk was broken.主语的状态或特征，包括主语的状态或特征，包括get+V.ed是是系表结构。系表结构。7 7、不管何种句子，只要能变

22、成被动语态的谓语部分，、不管何种句子，只要能变成被动语态的谓语部分，都要变成被动形式。都要变成被动形式。Eg.We can turn ice into water if we heat it.Ice can be turned into water if it is heated.二、带双宾语的动词变被动态时，要考虑意义把间宾转为二、带双宾语的动词变被动态时，要考虑意义把间宾转为主语，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般主语，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Eg.He gave me his card.I was

23、given his card.His card was given to me.He bought her a skirt.A skirt was bought for her.My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接宾语如果把直接宾语(指物指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人指人)前前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was given to me yesterday.注意：注意：注意：注意：一般在下

24、列一般在下列动词动词后，常在后，常在间间接接宾语宾语前用介前用介词词 to，如：如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell 等。等。The cup with mixture was showed to the class.My bike was lent to her.一般在下列一般在下列动词动词后，后，间间接接宾语宾语前用介前用介词词 for,如：如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,pl

25、ay,sing 等。等。Mother made me a new skirt.(A new skirt was made for me.)The meat was cooked for us.Some country music was played for us.有些既不用有些既不用to 也不用也不用for,根据根据动词动词与介与介词词的搭配关系。的搭配关系。He asked me a question.(A question was asked of me.)People all over the world know the Great Wall.The Great Wall is kn

26、own to people all over the world.(不用不用by短语短语)三三、带带复复合合宾宾语语(宾宾语语+宾宾补补)的的动动词词改改为为被被动动语语态态时时，一一般般把把主主动动结结构构中中的的宾宾语语改改为为主主语语，而而宾宾语语补补足足语保留在谓语动词后面。语保留在谓语动词后面。We always keep the classroom clean.The classroom is always kept clean.She told us to follow her instructions.We were told to follow her instruction

27、s.注意注意注意注意1 1：在在see,watch,hear,notice,listen to,look at,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。的问题。We often hear him play the guitar.He is often heard to play the guitar.注意注意2：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语：带有

28、复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.people called them love apples.误：误：Love apples were called them.正：正：They were called love apples.四、四、由动词由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把介词或副词构成的短语动词

29、，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词不及物动词+介词，如介词，如:agree to,ask for,laugh at,operated on,listen to,look after,think of,talk about 等。等。The patient is being operated on.The problem is solved.It neednt be talked about.及物动词及物动词+副词：如：副词：如：bring about,ca

30、rry out,find out,give up,hand in,make out,pass on,point out,put away,put off,think over,turn down,work out,turn out 等。等。His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.动词动词+名词名词+介词介词构成，变被动语态有两种构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：形式，如下：1)We take good care of the books.The books ar

31、e taken good care of.Good care is taken of the book.2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation.Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of,make use of,pay attention to,set fire to,take care of,take hold

32、of,catch hold of,give advice on,take pride in,get rid of，take notice of,keep an eye on 等。等。五、祈使句主动变被动，使用五、祈使句主动变被动，使用 let,allow.let,allow.Eg.Dont close the door.Let the door not be closed.Allow the door not to be closed.返回返回1、当主动句的主语是、当主动句的主语是nobody,no one等含有否定意义等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为

33、anybody,作作by的宾的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobody can answer this question.误：误：The question can be answered by nobody.正：正：The question can not be answered by anybody.The question can not be answered by anybody.独特的具体要求独特的具体要求2、当否定句中的宾语是、当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变

34、为不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：语态。如：They havent done anything to make the river clean.误：误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean.正：正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.Nothing has been done to make the river clean.3、以 who,what,whic

35、h 等开头做主语的特殊疑问句，变被动时要加上 by。By可放在被动结构后，也可和它们一起放在句首，但 who 为 whom。Eg.Who wrote this novel?Who was this novel written by?By whom was this novel written?返回返回主动变被动的动词要求：主动变被动的动词要求：1、及物动词有被动态，且seat,discourage,devote,raise 等及物动词必用被动。Eg.He failed again,but he was not discouraged.He was devoted to his research

36、 work.The price has been raised.Please be seated.2、有些动词无被动态：have,cost,rise,have,cost,rise,fall,happen,take place,come about,fall,happen,take place,come about,break out,come into beingbreak out,come into being(出现、成立、诞生，give outgive out（用完、失灵），go ongo on（穿得上、合适），go outgo out（熄灭、过时），lastlast（够用、维持)，bel

37、ong to,run out of,be belong to,run out of,be in sight(of)in sight(of)（看见），be out of be out of sightsight（of of）（看不见）。3 3、表示状态的、表示状态的 equal equal(等于），等于），fit fit（适合）适合），hold(hold(容纳），容纳），mean mean(意味着），意味着），wish wish（希望）等希望）等,也不用也不用被动动作。被动动作。4 4、当及物动词、当及物动词 leave,enter,reachleave,enter,reach 等的宾语是表等的

38、宾语是表示地点、处所或组织的名词时不用示地点、处所或组织的名词时不用被动动作。被动动作。5、当动词和宾语已组成一个不可分割的成语时，不不用用被动动作。被动动作。Eg.keep ones word,make up ones mind,speak ones mind(说出心里话），do ones best,take ones place（就座），lose heart,shake hands,keep watch（守望），make a face.6 6、固定短语、固定短语 be going to,have to,had betterbe going to,have to,had better 等，等

39、，可视情态动词类变化。可视情态动词类变化。We have to finish our homework every day.Our homework has to be finished every day.7.有有些些动动词词既既是是及及物物又又是是不不及及物物，当当它它们们和和well,badly,easily等等副副词词连连用用时时，表表示示主主语语内内在在品品质质或或性性能能，是是不不及及物物动动词词，用用主主动动表表示示被被动动，这这时时不不用用被被动动语语态态，常常见见的的有有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook 等。如：等。如：The cloth wa

40、shes easily.这布很好洗。这布很好洗。The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。这支笔写字很流畅。对比：对比：The books sell well.(主动句主动句)The books were sold out.(被动句被动句)The meat didnt cook well.(主动句主动句)The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat.(被被动句动句)返回返回主动句不能改为被动句的情况主动句不能改为被动句的情况第一，感

41、官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。等。Do you like the material?Yes,it feels very soft.误：误：It is felt very soft.The food tastes delicious.误：误：The food is tasted delicious.The pop music sounds beautiful.误：误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词第二，谓语是及

42、物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：等。如：He entered the room and got his book.误：误：The room was entered and his book was got.She had her hand burned.误：误：Her hand was had burned.第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place,break out,belong to,lose heart,consist of,add up to等。如：等。

43、如：The fire broke out in the capital building.误：误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。等。When we got to the top of the mountain,the sun had already risen.误：误：The sun had already been risen.After the earthquake,few houses rema

44、ined.误：误：After the earthquake,few houses were remained.第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：I taught myself English.误：误：Myself was taught English.We love each other.误：误：Each other is loved.九九.在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语

45、中一般可用被动结构来表示。动结构来表示。据说据说It is said that 据报导据报导 It is reported that 据推测据推测 It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 众所周知众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为普遍认为It is generally considered that 有人建议有人建议It is suggested that 1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.2)It is well known that Thomas Edis

46、on invented the electric lamp.返回返回有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。一、表示一、表示“开始开始”；“结束结束”类的动词。常见的这类动词类的动词。常见的这类动词有有begin,start,open,close,end,finish,stop等。例如：等。例如：School begins in September.The stores in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays.二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特

47、征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有词。常见的这类动词有write,read,wear,wash,clean,sell,run,lock等。这些动词常与副词或否定等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如：词连用。例如：The machine runs well.This pen writes quite smoothly.The bookshelf hardly sells.三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等。例如：等。例如：Do you like the material?Yes,it

48、_ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is feltCYour idea sounds reasonable.What he said proved to be correct.四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义 1.在在need,require,want(需要需要)等动词后，表示某等动词后，表示某物物(人人)要进行要进行处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。Youve come just in time to

49、 help us.Fine,what requires doing?(=Fine,what requires to be done?)This sentence needs _.A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improvedC2.be worth 后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。His suggestion is not worth considering.五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑

50、上的主谓关系时。例如：谓关系时。例如：The next train to arrive was from New York.2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。有逻辑上的主谓关系时。Please give me something to eat.(间接宾语间接宾语meme是是to eatto eat的逻辑主语的逻辑主语)(主语主语I I是是to doto do的逻辑主语的逻辑主语)I have a lot of work to do