《英语词汇学》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Lexicology（词汇学）lLexicologyisthestudyofform,meaningandbehaviorofwords.(TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish)lMorphology(形态学),semantics(语义学),etymology（词源学）lVocabulary（口语化）,lexis（两者之间）,lexicon（学术味）(词汇)l1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型学年第二学期词汇学试题类型lI.Explainthefollowingterms.(20points)lII.Completethefollowingstatementsorpa

2、ssageswithlproperexpressionsaccordingtothetext.(10points)lIII.Fillineachblankwithawordcontraryinmeaningtothewordgiveninthebracket.(10points)lIV.Completethefollowingidioms.(10points)lV.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingverbalphrasesintheirsuitableforms.(20points)lVI.Expressthefollowinginonecompoundword.

3、(10points)lVII.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20points)lI.Explainthefollowingterms.lhomonymcompoundingconnotativemeaninglMorphemeblendinginitialismantonymysynonymdenotativemeaningpolysemyConversionderivationmotivationAcronymback-formationradiationlVII.Answerthefollowingquestions.l1.Howdoyoudefineanton

4、yms?l2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?l3.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?l4.Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning?l5.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffix?l6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?l7.Whyshouldwegive

5、primaryimportancetodenotativemeaningofwords?l8.Whatisthedifferencebetweenrootantonymsandderivationalantonyms?l9.Statethevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaning.l10.Whatareverbphraseidioms?Whataretheirpeculiarfeatures?PartoneChapterIlAGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabularyl1.TheDevelopmentoftheEngli

6、shvocabularyl2.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriterial3.VarietiesofEnglishl4.ClassificationoflanguagesChapter1ABriefSurveyoftheEnglishLanguagelDefinitionofWordBloomfield:somelinguisticforms,whichwecallboundformsareneverusedassentences.-ess;-ish;-sFreeform:twoormorelesserfreeformsPo

7、orJohnlFrenchlinguist,AntoineMeilletAwordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.llexicon(词汇):lthevocabularyofperson,language,orbranchofknowledge,leg.thesizeoftheEnglishlexiconlEntry(词条):lanitemwrittenorprintedinadiary,list,accountbook,orreferencebook.Lexeme词位laba

8、siclexicalunitofalanguageconsistingofonewordorseveralwords,theelementsofwhichdonotseparatelyconveythemeaningofthewhole.lInbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform,withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.词是语言

9、组织中的基本单位，能独立运用的，具有声音、意义和语法功能。1.TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary（英语发展史（英语发展史)l1.1.Englishvocabularyasviewedinthehistoricalperspective1.1.1OldEnglish(449/4501100)Anglo-Saxon(古英语)(50,000-60,000words)1.1.2MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)stronginfluenceofFrench(中古英语)1.1.3EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)(早期现代英语)

10、RenaissanceLatinGreek1.1.4LateModernEnglish(1700Pres.)(后期现代英语)1.1.1OldEnglish古英语古英语(450AD1100)l(“theAnglo-SaxonPeriod”)ll1.1.1.2CharacteristicsofOEBackgroundlPaleolithicManl3000BC,Iberians-Neolithicl500BC,Celtsl55BC410AD,theRomanoccupationl55BC:JuliusCaesarl43AD:EmperorClaudiusl-TheRomanConquest罗马人的

11、征服l410AD,thefalloftheRomanEmpirel449AD,InvasionofAngles,Saxons&Jutes-theTutonicConquest(4496thC)lthreeLowWestGermaniclg.l-Anglo-Saxon*“Runic”l597AD,introduces.ofChristianity,byAugustine.Introduces.ofLatinwordsl790AD,invasionofScandinavians,esp,Danes.Vikings.IntroducesofvocabularyfromScandinaviancoun

12、tries(OldNorsewords)1.1.1.2CharacteristicsofOEl1)OEDialects方言l2)OEVocabulary词汇l3)OESpelling拼写l4）OEPronunciation发音l5)OEInflections屈折形式l6）LoanWords外来语1)OEDialects方言lWestSaxon西撒克逊语Kentish肯特语Mercian莫西亚语Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语2)OEVocabulary词汇词汇lCompounding:lfor-(forbid,forget),in-,-ful,-dom,-hood,-ship,-ness,

13、-th,-ish.lAlliteration:l(with)mightandmain,friendorfoe,alabouroflove.3)OESpelling拼写leg.(1)lOEModernEOEModernElhmhomemtantomeetstnstonefdntofeedhshouseuThoubcbooktthatfftigfiftyleg.(2)lFderre,eeartonheofonum,lFatherofours,thouthatartinHeaven,4）OEPronunciation发音lOESp.OEPron.Mod.ESp.Mod.EPron.ltmeti:mt

14、imetaimhshu:shousehausstnsta:nstonestun5）OEInflections屈折形式leg.(1)hm(home)的变格：SingularPluralSubjectivehmhmaslPossessivehmeshmalPatienthmehmumlObjectivehmhmas6）LoanWords外来语l（1）IntroductionofChristianity(基督教)Fr.Latin:bargain,cheap,inch,pound,cup,dish,wall,wine,etc.;abbot,alter,candle,disciple,hymn,mart

15、yr,num,priest,pope,shrine,temple,etc.（2）ScandinavianinvasionVikingsFr.OldNorse:are,they,their,them,till,call,diegive,takeskin,sky,window,ill,weak,etc.1.1.2MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)中古英语中古英语l1.1.2.1Backgroundl1.1.2.2CharacteristicsofMEBackgroundlTheNormanConquest:l1066.1KingEdward1066.9.28William1066.1

16、0HastingsWilliamI,WilliamtheConquerorWilliamI(1066-1100)l-HouseofNormandy(诺曼底王朝)lHenryI(1100-1135)HenryII(1154-1189)l-HouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝)John(1199-1216)HenryIII(1216-1272)EdwardIII(1327-1377)-BlackDeathl1337-1454:TheHundredYearsWarRichardII(1377-1400)HenryIV(1399-1413)l-HouseofLancaste（兰加斯特王朝）

17、l1455-1485:TheWarsoftheRosesEdwardIV(1461-1483)l-HouseofYork（约克王朝）EdwardV(1483-1483)RichardIII(1483-1485)HenryVII(1485-1509)l-HouseofTudor（都铎王朝）lCoexistenceofthreelanguagesFrench+English+LatinlEnglish:1204，1399，1404Chaucer,theBibleCharacteristicsofMEl1)Dialectsl2)SpellingandPronunciationl3)Grammarl4

18、)LoanWords1)DialectslNorthernDialectEastMidlandDialectWestMidlandDialectSouthernDialect2)SpellingandPronunciationle.g.,th,a,ou(hshous),lhwwh,cwqu,scsh/sch-enotpronouncedletterjfromFrench,lclearl,r;-gh-,-gn-,-kn-.“knight”lFormationofStandardPronunciation:lendof14thC-15thClBasedonEastMidlandDialect(es

19、p.Londondialect)3)GrammarlNouns,Adjectives,Articles(s,se,t)(OE)e(Laterwrittenasthe);t(OE)that;“a/an”appearedVerbs(Mostverbsturnedtoberegular.)Significance:(a)ImportanceofWordOrder(b)NatureofEnglish:fromsyntheticlanguagetoanalyticlanguage4)LoanWordsl(a）Fr.FrenchlTheRomanizationofEnglishLossofalargepa

20、rtoftheOEword-stockl(b)Fr.LatinlTwoways:directlyintoEnglishlintoEnglishviaFrench.(c)AffixesofFrenchandLatin.l(d)Significance:l-modificationofmeaningle.g.beef,mutton,pork:l牛、羊、猪(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、猪肉(E.)l-synonymsle.g.lW.fr.OEW.fr.Fr.W.fr.Latinfireflameconflagrationlaskinquireinterrogate1.1.3EarlyModernEnglis

21、h(1500-)早期现代英语早期现代英语l1.1.3.1Backgroundl1.1.3.2CharacteristicsofEarlyModernEBackgroundl1)1492,ChristopherColumbus,90sailors/3sails1519-1522,FerdinandMagellanLondonastheworldtradecentre2)EnclosureMovement3)TheRenaissancel4)BriefHistory1603,DeathofElizabethI,lJamesVIofScotlandJamesI(1603-1625)-Houseofl

22、Stuart(斯图亚特王朝)1653,OliverCromwell,LordProtect(1653-1658)-theCommonwealth（共和政体）1660,CharlesII(1660-1685)-RestorationoftheHouseofStuart（斯图亚特王朝复辟）JamesII(1685-1688)WilliamIIIandMaryII(1689-1702)CharacteristicsofEarlyModernEl1)SpellingandPronunciationl2)VocabularyandGrammarl3)InfluenceofRenaissanceonlEn

23、glish1)SpellingandPronunciationl(a)Spellingtendedtobeuniformed(mid17thC)andtakethepresentform.EdwardPhillips:TheNewWorldofEnglishWords(1658)(b)ChangeofShortVowels.a:(lettera)(cat,thank,flax)u(mostlyletteru)(cut,sun,us,love)l(c)ChangeofLongVowels-theGreatVowelshiftl(元音大变动1500-1750）lMEEModEle:i:li:eia

24、ila:eil:oulo:u:lu:uaul(d)ChangeofConsonantsChangeofh;LossofwlinconsonantclustersIntroductionof(e)DiscordancebetweenSpellingandPronunciatione.g.i:ea(leaf),ee(sheep),e(fever),ie(thief),ei(either),ey(key),ay(quay)2)VocabularyandGrammarl(a)Interchangeoffeaturesofspeech.ladj.adv./n./v.n.v.eg.l(fr.Antonya

25、ndClepoatrabyShakespeare)l-Hewordsme,girls,hewordsme-ahandthatkingshavelippd,andtrembledkissing.l(b)Continuouslossofinflections.n.:plural:-(e)s(Somen)possessive:sl-thewriterofthebooksambition-thekingofEnglandsnoseadj.:-er,-estormore,mostpron.:thou,thy,theeye,your,youlyou,your,you“its”,“who”cameintoe

26、xistence.v.:thirdsing.：eth-sl(c)EstablishmentofWordOrder词序位置的固定是中古英语过渡到现代英语的一个重要标志。主语+动词+宾语定语名词e.g.“是我。”lOE:ichiteom(Iitam.)lME:HitamI(ItamI)lChaucerstime:ItamI.lEModE:Itisme.l(d)Differenceinvocabularye.g.lclimate:countrycircumstance:ado,fuss,ceremonyaddress:toprepare,togetreadyenlarge:release3)Infl

27、uenceofRenaissanceonEnglishl(a)OnformalityoftheEnglishLanguagel(b)OnLiterature.Drama,Shakespeare.e.g.Shylock,poundofflesh,thesaltofyouth,Cordeliasgift.l(c)Onvocabulary.(Borrowedwords)l(c)Onvocabulary.(Borrowedwords)lLatinandGreek:arbiter,genius,ignoramus,census,maximum;-ism,-ist,-ize,anti-,co-,de-,e

28、x-,inter-,pre-,pro-.FromFrench:alloy,bizarre,comrade,detail,duel,vogue,surpass.Fromotherlanguages:armada,banana,cocoa,hurricane(fr.Spanish)balcony,design,portico,colcano(fr.Italian)1.1.4LateModernEnglish(1700-Present)后期现代英语后期现代英语1.1.4.2CharacteristicsofLateModernE1.1.4.3TherapidgrowthofpresentdayEng

29、lishBackgroundl1)The18thCSociety1688Enlighttment,theAgeofReasonNovelists:Defoe,Swift,FieldinglPoets:Blake,Burns.2)The19thCtoDateIndustrializationlTechnologicaldevelopment1.1.4.2CharacteristicsofLateModernEl1)PrescriptionofEnglishl2)GrammarStudyl3)Vocabularyl4)Pronunciation1)PrescriptionofEnglishlLea

30、rnedthinkersandauthorswhowroteinLatin.1729,ThomasCooke：ProposalsforPerfectingtheEnglishLanguage.1755,SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.2)GrammarStudylVarietyofgrammarbooks.Fromtheviewpointofprescriptivism.e.g.Idrather:IhadratherIwouldratherItismeItisI.I/weshall,you/he/she/theywill.3)Voca

31、bularyl2ndinfluxofFr.Vocabulary:effectoftheRestorationoftheHouseofStuart.lLoanwordsfromcoloniesandothercountries.VarietiesofWaysofEnlargingVocabulary-Inform:affixation,compounding,conversion,blending,backformation.-Inmeaning:extension,narrowing,transference,elevation,degradation.4)PronunciationlPett

32、ymodificationofsomephonemesinstandardpronunciation.e.g.unstressedi,einei,oinou.Wordstress:lallyally,llaboratorylaboratory1.2Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyanditscausesl1.2.1Markedprogressofscienceandtechnologyegunclearbombcomputersciencel1.2.2Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchangeegs

33、ocialhabitslivingconditionl1.2.3Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages2.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriterial2.1byorigin:nativewordsandloanwordsfundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstock(1)Nationalcharacter(2)Stability(3)Word-formingability(4)Abilitytoformcollocations2.2bylevelofusa

34、gel2.2.1commonwordsl2.2.2literarywordsl2.2.3colloquialwordsl2.2.4slangwordsl2.2.5technicalwords2.3bynotionl2.3.1functionwordsdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth2.3.2contentwordsFunctionwords(功能词功能词)：没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词或语法功能的词lDeterminer(限定词)Pronoun代词Prepositi

35、on介词Conjunction连接词Auxiliaryverb助动词Interjection感叹词Contentwords(实义词实义词)：本身有完整词汇意义的词本身有完整词汇意义的词lNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词Adverb副词3VarietiesofEnglish(英语的变体英语的变体)l3.1GeneralView（概述）3.2AmericanEnglish（美国英语）3.3DifferencebetweenBr.EandAm.El(英国英语和美国英语的差别)3.1GeneralViewlBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishScottishEng

36、lishCanadianEnglishAustralianEnglishNewZealandEnglish3.2AmericanEnglishl3.2.1lBackgroundl3.2.2lCharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish3.2.1BackgroundlEngland,TheQueenoftheSeasl1607,thefirstcolony,Jamestownl1620,thefirstpilgrims.Plymouthl1607-1733,13coloniesl1607-1733,13colonies:lVirginia(1607),Massachusett

37、s(1630),lMaryland(1632),RhodeIsland(1636),Connecticut(1638),NorthCarolina(1663),lNewYork(1664),NewJersey(1664),lSouthCarolina(1670),lNewHampshire(1679),lPennsylvania(1682)，lDelaware(1703),lGeorgia（1733）l1765.1017731774.91776.7.4.3.2.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglishl1)Archaisml2)Heterogeneityl3)Crea

38、tiveness1)Archaisml17thCBritishEnglishle.g.Ingrammar:gotten,Inpronunciation:r,2)HeterogeneitylFromIndian:raccoon,squash.(anglicize)FromFrench:prairie,pumpkin,caribou,rapids.FromGerman:noodle,sauerkraut.FromDutch:SantaClaus,boss,bedspread,dumb,sleigh.FromSpanish:cockroach,patio,plaza,ranch.3)Creative

39、nesslTonamenewthings:lgroundhog,bullfrog,sweetpotato,lynch.3.3DifferencebetweenBri.EandAm.El3.3.1InPronunciation3.3.2InGrammarl3.3.3InVocabularyl3.3.4MutualInfluence3.3.1InPronunciationl1)DifferentPronunciationforthesamesymbollie;u-ou;rlt(writing,bitter,waiter)l2)r:farm,cord,hard,far.llaw&lore;saw,s

40、ore&soarl3)a:-path,laughlolaw,causel4)dormitory,secretary,laboratoryl5)DifferentPron.fortheSameWordltomato,either,fertile,epoch,l6)DifferenceinIntonation3.3.2InGrammarl1)Doyouhaveawatch?lcf:Haveyouawatch?l2)Ivegottenaticketforafilm.l3)I/We/You/Hewilllcf:I/Weshalll4)gotothehospital/universitylcf:goto

41、hospital/universitylBut:gotoschool,lgotothetheatre/theater3.3.3InVocabularyl1)DifferentWordsfortheSameThinglapartment-flat;lelevator-lift;lbaggage-car-luggage-van;lmotor-engine;lrailroad-railway;truck-lorry;math-mathsl2)DifferenceinSpellinglTheater-theatre;llabor-labour;ltraveler-traveller;ldialog-d

42、ialogue;lkilogram-kilogramme,ldefence-defense4Classificationoflanguages（语言的分类）（语言的分类）（语言的分类）（语言的分类）l4.1GeneticClassificationl(谱系分类)4.2StructuralClassificationl(结构分类法)4.1GeneticClassification谱谱系分类系分类lSino-Tibetan汉藏语系Indo-European印欧语系lSemito-Hamitic闪含语系Bantu班图语系Uralic乌拉尔语系Altaic阿尔泰语系Malayo-Polinesian马

43、来-波利尼西亚语系Indian印第安语系Indo-Iraniangroup印度-伊朗语族:Persian,Sanskrit,Hindi,Urdu,BengaliArmenian亚美尼亚语族:modernArmenianSlavic斯拉夫语族:Russian,PolishlHellenic古希腊语族:GreeklItalic意大利语族:Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese,Romanian)lCeltic凯尔特语族Gaelic,Welsh,BritonlAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚语族modernAlbanianlGermanic日耳曼语族:English,German,Dutch,Yiddish,theScandinavianlanguagesIndo-EuropeanFamily印欧语系l|lGermanicGroup日耳曼语族l|lWestGermanicBranch西日耳曼语支l|lEnglish4.2StructuralClassification(结构分类法结构分类法)lSyntheticLanguage综合语综合语lAnalyticLanguage分析语分析语