《诗歌翻译技巧》PPT课件.ppt

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1、诗诗歌翻歌翻译译技巧技巧 翻译要讲究信、达、雅三点，当然诗歌翻译也不例外，在原则上要遵循严复先生的信、达、雅，而且文化适应性是文化翻译的一个很重要的概念，文化适应性原则在诗歌的翻译中占据着重要的地位并起着积极的作用。不同的语言，因其不同的语言习惯、文化差异因素，在翻译过程中必须充分考虑其中。在翻译过程中，必须调动目标语言的一切手段来尽力再现原文的语言特点。1 1汉译英英诗诗的范畴（古代的范畴（古代的范畴（古代的范畴（古代诗诗歌）歌）歌）歌）Classification of Ancient PoetryClassification of Ancient Poetry诗按音律分按音律分(Soun

2、d and rhythm)（1）古体古体诗：包括古包括古诗（唐以前的（唐以前的诗歌）、楚辞、歌）、楚辞、乐府府诗.A form of pre-Tang poetry,usu.having five or seven characters to each line,without strict tonal patterns or rhyme schemes （2）近体近体诗:绝句句+律律诗 “modern style”poetry,referring to innovations in classical poetry during the Tang Dynasty,marked by stri

3、ct tonal patterns and rhyme schemes（3）词：又称又称为诗余、余、长短句、曲子、曲子短句、曲子、曲子词、乐府等。府等。Ci,a type of classical Chinese poetry（4）曲曲：又称又称为词余、余、乐府。元曲包括散曲和府。元曲包括散曲和杂剧。Qu,a type of verse for singing,popular in the Yuan Dynasty 按内容来分按内容来分类(Contents)（1）怀古古诗（Nostalgic Poetry）（2）咏物）咏物诗(Object-Chanting Poetry)（3）山水田园）山水田

4、园诗(Pastoral poetry)（4）战争争诗(Poetry of war)（5）行旅）行旅诗(Poetry of travelling)（6）闺怨怨诗(Poetry of boudoir repinings )（7）送）送别诗(Farewell poetry)诗诗的范畴（的范畴（的范畴（的范畴（现现代代代代诗诗歌）歌）歌）歌）Classification of Modern PoetryClassification of Modern Poetry按照作品内容的表达方式按照作品内容的表达方式(Ways of expression)（1）叙事叙事诗：诗中有比中有比较完整的故事情完整的故事

5、情节和人物形象，通常以和人物形象，通常以诗人人满怀激情的歌唱方式来表激情的歌唱方式来表现。Narrative poems:complete plot and characters （2）抒情抒情诗：主要通主要通过直接抒直接抒发诗人的思想感情来反映社会生活，人的思想感情来反映社会生活，不要求描述完整的故事情不要求描述完整的故事情节和人物形象。如，情歌、和人物形象。如，情歌、颂歌、哀歌、挽歌、哀歌、挽歌、牧歌和歌、牧歌和讽刺刺诗。Lyrics:full release of the poets emotion当然，叙事和抒情也不是当然，叙事和抒情也不是绝然分割的然分割的。Sometimes the

6、y two are interwoven.按照按照语言的音韵格律和言的音韵格律和结构形式构形式(rhyme and structure)（1）格律格律诗：是按照一定格式和是按照一定格式和规则写成的写成的诗歌。它歌。它对诗的行数、的行数、诗句的句的字数（或音字数（或音节）、声）、声调音韵、音韵、词语对仗、句式排列等有仗、句式排列等有严格格规定，定，Metrical poetry:strict requirements on form,rhyme,number of character and lines,sentence pattern,etc.（2）自由自由诗：不受格律限制，无固定格式，注重自

7、然的、内在的不受格律限制，无固定格式，注重自然的、内在的节奏，押奏，押大致相近的韵或不押韵，字数、行数、句式、音大致相近的韵或不押韵，字数、行数、句式、音调都比都比较自由，自由，语言言比比较通俗。通俗。Free verse:free form and popular language（3）散文散文诗：兼有散文和兼有散文和诗的特点。作品中有的特点。作品中有诗的意境和激情，常常富有的意境和激情，常常富有哲理，注重自然的哲理，注重自然的节奏感和音奏感和音乐美，篇幅短小，像散文一美，篇幅短小，像散文一样不分行，不分行，不押韵，如，不押韵，如，鲁迅的迅的野草野草。Prose poetry:a mixtu

8、re of characteristics of prose and poetry诗的的难译因素分析因素分析Analysis of untranslatable factors1.意境。意境本身是一种抽象的艺术形态，但这种抽象的形态，却能够表达出诗歌的本质甚至灵魂。The artistic conception.Artistic conception is a kind of abstract art form,but this kind of abstract form,can express the poetry is the essence and soul.2.诗歌的形式。准确的说，诗

9、歌的形式包括其内部的韵律以及外部的形 式，韵律就像是诗歌的声音，是诗歌的音乐特征；而外部形式就像是诗歌的外衣，是诗歌区别于其他文学作品的一个重要特点。In the form of poetry.To be exact,in the form of poetry,including its internal and external forms of rhythm,rhythm sounds like poetry,music features poetry;while the outer coat is like a form of poetry is a poetry different f

10、rom other literary works important characteristics.3.诗的表的表现手法手法Techniques of Expression赋：是直接：是直接陈述事物的表述事物的表现手法。手法。Fu,to narrate things directly比：是用比比：是用比喻的方法描的方法描绘事物，表达思想感情。如，事物，表达思想感情。如，诗经中的中的螽斯螽斯硕鼠鼠等篇。等篇。Bi,to dipict things with figures of speech 兴：是托物起：是托物起兴，即借某一事物开，即借某一事物开头来引起正来引起正题要描述的要描述的事物和表事

11、物和表现思想感情的写法。如思想感情的写法。如诗经中的中的关雎关雎桃夭桃夭等篇。等篇。Xing,to start a topic by borrowing something else 比比拟Metaphor&personification夸夸张HyperboleEg:“飞流直下流直下三千三千尺，疑是尺，疑是银河落河落九天九天”Its torrent dashes down three thousand feet from high As if the Silver River fell from the blue sky 借代借代Metonymy4.特殊的含特殊的含义Unique meanin

12、gEg:李商李商隐：春蚕到死：春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。（“丝”通通“思思”：death&heartbeat）刘禹刘禹锡竹枝竹枝词:杨柳青青江水平，柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西日出西边雨，道是无雨，道是无晴晴却有却有晴晴.（“晴晴”通通“情情”：sunny&love）The English translation could only gain one meaning and lose the other.英英语里只能二者里只能二者择其一，无法像原文一般一箭双雕。其一，无法像原文一般一箭双雕。5.特殊的字与声的特殊的字与声的组合合Uniqu

13、e combination of character and sound李清照李清照声声慢声声慢:“:“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”And so onAnd so on诗的翻的翻译策略与原策略与原则Translation strategies of Poetry 古诗词翻译的“三美”原则.佳译需要传达原诗的“意美”、“音美”和“形美”，能使读诗的外国读者能够从译作中获得尽可能与本国读者一样多的共鸣和美的享受。应该注意的是，音、形、意“三美”并非鼎足三分。在三者不可兼得的情况下，我们主张首先考虑保存原诗的意美，其次保存音美，再次是形美。Ancient poems t

14、ranslated Three Beauties principle.Good translation should convey the original poem meaning beauty,sound beauty and form beauty“,can make the foreign readers to read poetry from translation their readers as much as possible to understand and enjoy the beauty.It should be noted,sound,shape,meaning Th

15、ree Beauties is not three rival powers.In the case of the three can not have both,we advocate the first consider keep the original poem meaning beauty,second to save sound beauty,form beauty is again.天天净沙沙 秋思秋思 Autumn ThinkingAutumn Thinking-to the tune of Sky Scours Sand-to the tune of Sky Scours S

16、and马致致远by Ma Zhiyuanby Ma Zhiyuan枯藤老枯藤老树昏昏鸦。Sear vines,old trees and crows in twilight.Sear vines,old trees and crows in twilight.小小桥流水人家。流水人家。A small bridge,flowing water and cottages in sight.A small bridge,flowing water and cottages in sight.古道西古道西风瘦瘦马。An ancient rood,a lean horse in the westerly

17、 wind.An ancient rood,a lean horse in the westerly wind.夕阳西下，夕阳西下，The westering sun down wend,The westering sun down wend,断断肠人在天涯。人在天涯。A heart-broken man is at heavens end.A heart-broken man is at heavens end.王维的鸟鸣涧 人闲桂花落，夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟，时鸣春涧中。译文 1：Bird-Chirpping Hollow Bird-Chirpping Hollow The light b

18、eams of the moon on the earth softly The light beams of the moon on the earth softly rain,The night is quiet,the spring mount empty,The rain,The night is quiet,the spring mount empty,The moons up-rise the birds doth frighten To cry now moons up-rise the birds doth frighten To cry now and then in the

19、 springtide hollow.and then in the springtide hollow.译文文 2 2：The Dale of Singing Birds The Dale of Singing Birds I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyedI hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed；When When night comes,hills dissolve in the void.The rising night comes,hills dissolve in the void.The rising

20、moon arouses birds to sing;Their fitful twitters fill moon arouses birds to sing;Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring.the dale with spring.译文文 3 3：Bird-Singing Stream Bird-Singing Stream Man at leisure.Cassia flowers fall.Quiet night.Man at leisure.Cassia flowers fall.Quiet night.Spring m

21、ountain is empty.Moon rises.Startles-a Spring mountain is empty.Moon rises.Startles-a mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream.mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream.Three versions of the translations have their Three versions of the translations have their advantages,but t

22、he best translation 3.Choose the advantages,but the best translation 3.Choose the amount and terms of stylistic translation from 1 to amount and terms of stylistic translation from 1 to 3 translations,fewer and fewer words,the body 3 translations,fewer and fewer words,the body language,asked three s

23、imple and plain,the most language,asked three simple and plain,the most faithful to the original poem.2 more consistent faithful to the original poem.2 more consistent with the translation of a translation,both for bird with the translation of a translation,both for bird word translation are complex

24、.The translation was word translation are complex.The translation was alone choose three singular form,so that it better alone choose three singular form,so that it better translation of the original poem translated creating translation of the original poem translated creating tranquil mood.Such exh

25、ibits better mood poetry.tranquil mood.Such exhibits better mood poetry.三个版本的三个版本的译文，各有文，各有优点，但以点，但以译文文3 3最好。用最好。用词多寡和多寡和语体的体的选择 从从译文文1 1到到译文文3 3，用，用词愈来愈少，愈来愈少，语体上，体上，译文文3 3简洁朴素，最朴素，最为忠忠实原原诗。译文文1 1与与译文文2 2比比较一致，两者一致，两者对“鸟”字的字的译法均法均为复数。复数。而而译文三却独自文三却独自选择单数形式，数形式，这样它的它的译文文较好地好地译出了原出了原诗创造造的静的静谧的意境。的意境。

26、这样更能表更能表现出出诗歌的意境。歌的意境。翻翻译古古诗词中叠字的中叠字的处理方法理方法语义对等翻等翻译。语义对等是指在等是指在译文的句法和文的句法和语义规范允范允许的范的范围内再内再现原文作者在特定的上下文中所表达的确切含原文作者在特定的上下文中所表达的确切含义,因此因此译者者应从多方面考从多方面考虑叠字的叠字的词义,选择与与汉语对应的英的英语词汇.Eg:1.Eg:1.若叠字具有若叠字具有“每每”的意思的意思时,英英语可可译成成each,every each,every 等等词若不若不强调“每一个每一个”,可用复数形式来可用复数形式来译。如：夜夜相思更如：夜夜相思更汤残。残。韦庄庄洗溪沙洗溪

27、沙each night I long each night I long for you till the water clock the fades.for you till the water clock the fades.许渊冲渊冲译2.2.运用运用拟声声词和和颜色色词。如。如车挤麟麟,马萧萧。杜甫。杜甫兵兵车行行Chariots rumble,and hordes grumble.Chariots rumble,and hordes grumble.许渊冲渊冲译3.3.运用运用动词。思悠悠思悠悠,恨悠悠恨悠悠,恨到何恨到何时方始休。白居易方始休。白居易长相思相思My thought

28、stretches endlessly;my grief wretches My thought stretches endlessly;my grief wretches endlessly.endlessly.Oh,when will my beloved come back to me?Oh,when will my beloved come back to me?许渊冲渊冲译“悠悠悠悠”指无指无穷无尽的无尽的样子子,在在这里是里是名名词做做动词用用,与上一行的与上一行的动词形成形成对仗仗,勾画出一位勾画出一位闺中少中少妇倚楼眺望倚楼眺望,思念久思念久别未未归的丈夫的情景的丈夫的情景 语

29、用用对等翻等翻译。具体地具体地说,就是在就是在词汇、语法、法、语义等等语言学的不同言学的不同层次上次上,不拘泥于原文的形式不拘泥于原文的形式,只求保存原作只求保存原作的内容的内容,用用译文中最切近而又最自然的文中最切近而又最自然的对等等语将将这个内容表个内容表达出来达出来,以求等效。以求等效。Eg:Eg:十年生死两茫茫。十年生死两茫茫。苏轼江城子江城子Ten years parted one living,one dead.(Ten years parted one living,one dead.(杨宪益、戴乃迭益、戴乃迭译)通通过英英语中的押韵体中的押韵体现重复重复。欲去又依依欲去又依依

30、韦庄庄女冠子女冠子youd go away but stop to stay.youd go away but stop to stay.许渊冲渊冲译以和以和译“依依依依”,这两个两个词都以都以音开音开头,押押头韵韵,再再现了双声叠韵了双声叠韵,起到了加起到了加强节奏、渲染气氛的作用奏、渲染气氛的作用读者似乎可以感者似乎可以感觉到到诗中人中人物那种留恋徘徊、不忍分离的心理状物那种留恋徘徊、不忍分离的心理状态使整个句子使整个句子读起来音起来音韵十分韵十分优美。美。总结Conclusion形式上的变通 flexbility in form思想感情的融通 emotional accomodation

31、 深层文化上的沟通 cultural communication翻翻翻翻译鉴赏译鉴赏篇篇篇篇Translation Evaluation Translation Evaluation 上邪！上邪！我欲与君相知长命无决衰山无棱江水为竭冬雷震震夏雨雪天地合乃敢与君绝The PledgeOh heaven high!I will love himForever till I die.Till mountains crumble,Rivers run dry.In winter thunder rumbles,In summer snow fall far and high.And the earth

32、 mingle with the skies,Not till then will my love die.见与不与不见 仓英嘉措英嘉措你你见，或者不，或者不见我我 Its doesnt matter if you see me or not Its doesnt matter if you see me or not 我就在那里我就在那里 I am standing right there I am standing right there 不悲不喜不悲不喜 With no emotion With no emotion 你念，或者不念我你念，或者不念我 Its doesnt matter

33、if you miss me or not Its doesnt matter if you miss me or not 情就在那里情就在那里 The feeling is right there The feeling is right there 不来不去不来不去 And it isnt going anywhere And it isnt going anywhere 你你爱或者不或者不爱我我 Its doesnt matter if you love me or Its doesnt matter if you love me or not not 爱就在那里就在那里 Love is

34、 right there Love is right there 不增不减不增不减 It is not going to change It is not going to change 你跟，或者不跟我你跟，或者不跟我 Its doesnt matter if you are with me or not Its doesnt matter if you are with me or not 我的手就在你的手里我的手就在你的手里 My hand is in your hand My hand is in your hand 不舍不弃不舍不弃 And I am not going to let

35、 go And I am not going to let go 来我来我怀里里 Let me embrace you Let me embrace you 或者或者 or or 让我住我住进你的心里你的心里 Let me live in your heart to entirely Let me live in your heart to entirely 默然相默然相爱 Silence Love Silence Love 寂静喜寂静喜欢 Calmness JoyCalmness Joy再再别康康桥 徐志摩徐志摩 轻轻轻轻的我走了，的我走了，的我走了，的我走了，正如我正如我正如我正如我轻轻轻

36、轻的来；的来；的来；的来；我我我我轻轻轻轻地招手，地招手，地招手，地招手，作作作作别别西天的云彩。西天的云彩。西天的云彩。西天的云彩。那河畔的金柳，那河畔的金柳，那河畔的金柳，那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘，是夕阳中的新娘，是夕阳中的新娘，是夕阳中的新娘，波光里的波光里的波光里的波光里的艳艳影，影，影，影，在我的心在我的心在我的心在我的心头荡头荡漾。漾。漾。漾。软软泥上的青荇，泥上的青荇，泥上的青荇，泥上的青荇，油油的在水底招油油的在水底招油油的在水底招油油的在水底招摇摇；在康河的柔波里，在康河的柔波里，在康河的柔波里，在康河的柔波里，我甘做一条水草我甘做一条水草我甘做一条水草我甘做一条水草!那

37、榆阴下的一潭，不是清泉，是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻间，沉淀着彩虹似的梦。寻梦？撑一支长篙，向青草更青处漫溯，满载一船星辉，在星辉斑斓里放歌。但我不能放歌,悄悄是别离的笙箫；夏虫也为我沉默，沉默是今晚的康桥！悄悄的我走了，正如我悄悄的来；我挥一挥衣袖，不带走一片云彩.参考参考参考参考译译文（文（文（文（Reference VersionReference Version）Goodbye Again,Cambridge!I leave softly,gently,Exactly as I came.I wave to the western sky,Telling it goodbye softly,g

38、ently.The golden willow at the river edge Is the setting suns bride.Her quivering reflection Stays fixed in my mind.Green grass on the bank Dances on a watery floor In bright reflection.I wish myself a bit of waterweed Vibrating to the ripple.Of the River Cam.That creek in the shade of the great elm

39、s Is not a creek but a shattered rainbow,Printed on the water And inlaid with duckweed,It is my lost dream.Hunting a dream?Wielding a long punting pole I get my boat into green water,Into still greener grass.In a flood of starlight On a river of silver and diamond I sing to my hearts content.But now

40、,no,I cannot sing With farewell in my heart.Farewells must be quiet,mute,Even the summer insects are silent,Knowing I am leaving.The Cambridge night is soundless.I leave quietly As I came quietly.I am leaving Without taking so much As a piece of cloud.But with a quick jerk of my sleave I wave goodby

41、e.英语诗歌的特点（1）语言的音韵美和节奏感押韵是诗体与其它文体的最大区别之一。英文诗常用的韵有头韵，与汉语的双声相似；腹韵，（如sweet与sleep）；尾韵。诗歌其有规律的轻重抑扬变化，构成了诗的节奏美。2 2英英译汉译汉（2）破格与变异诗人为了适应节奏格律的需要，可以使用一些特殊的缩略形式（如tis=it is,oer=over），以减少音节数；还可以调整词序、主谓倒置、动宾倒置等。这些就是具表现力的破格。变异是对语言常规的有意偏离，是诗人寻新求异的一种手法，是对语言的创造性的使用。变异可以发生在诗歌语言的各个层面上，如语音、拼写、词汇、语法、诗式等。诗在语音上的变异主要表现在单词的某些

42、音节的省略、重音甚至整个发音的改变。（3）词句的重复与修辞格的广泛运用诗歌中常重复一些词句或诗行，用以抒发真挚深沉的情感，或是用以渲染某种气氛（如回环往复的缠绵），或是用以增强诗的歌唱性。诗歌中又大量运用修辞格，尤是是各种各样的明喻、暗喻、比拟用得最多。（4）丰富的意象与象征所谓意象，是指那些可以引起人的感官反应的具体形象和画面，分为视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉、动觉、通联等。这些意象不仅唤起人们的某种体验，更常常具有鲜明或隐晦的象征意义，是许多优秀诗篇所具有的共性。You say that you love rain,but you open your umbrella when it ra

43、ins.You say that you love the sun,but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines.You say that you love the wind,but you close your windows when wind blows.This is why I am afraid,because you say that you love me too.”神翻神翻译译普通版 你说你喜欢雨，但是下雨的时候你却撑开了伞；你说你喜欢阳光，但当阳光播撒的时候，你却躲在阴凉之地；你说你喜欢风，但清风扑面的时候，你却关上了窗户。我

44、害怕你对我也是如此之爱。女汉子版 你有本事爱雨天，你有本事别打伞啊；你有本事爱阳光，你有本事别乘凉啊；你有本事爱吹风，你有本事别关窗啊；你有本事说爱我，你有本事捡肥皂啊！文艺版 你说烟雨微芒，兰亭远望;后来轻揽婆娑，深遮霓裳。你说春光烂漫，绿袖红香;后来内掩西楼，静立卿旁。你说软风轻拂，醉卧思量;后来紧掩门窗，漫帐成殇。你说情丝柔肠，如何相忘;我却眼波微转，兀自成霜。诗经版 子言慕雨，启伞避之。子言好阳，寻荫拒之。子言喜风，阖户离之。子言偕老，吾所畏之。离骚版 君乐雨兮启伞枝，君乐昼兮林蔽日，君乐风兮栏帐起，君乐吾兮吾心噬。五言诗版 恋雨偏打伞，爱阳却遮凉。风来掩窗扉，叶公惊龙王。片言只语短，相思缱倦长。郎君说爱我，不敢细思量。七言绝句版 恋雨却怕绣衣湿，喜日偏向树下倚。欲风总把绮窗关，叫奴如何心付伊。七律压轴版 江南三月雨微茫，罗伞叠烟湿幽香。夏日微醺正可人，却傍佳木趁荫凉。霜风清和更初霁，轻蹙蛾眉锁朱窗。怜卿一片相思意，犹恐流年拆鸳鸯。