拧紧基础知识讲解PPT讲稿.ppt

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1、拧紧基础知识讲解拧紧基础知识讲解第1页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日工具形式及选择工具形式及选择 第2页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日POSITIVESPOSITIVES正版的正版的 High power to weight High power to weight ratioratio重量比率高重量比率高 FastFast快速（速度快）快速（速度快）No ReactionNo Reaction没有反应没有反应 Non Technical Non Technical MaintenanceMaintenance非技术维修非技术维修 CompactCompact体积小体积小 Inex

2、pensiveInexpensive价格适中价格适中NEGATIVESNEGATIVES盗版的盗版的 Little or No controlLittle or No control半受控或不半受控或不受控受控 NoisyNoisy有噪音有噪音 High VibrationHigh Vibration高振动高振动冲击扳手冲击扳手第3页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日冲击扳手结构冲击扳手结构外形、轮廓巨大的锤子第4页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日NEGATIVESNEGATIVES消极消极消极消极t Torque Readoutt Run down speedt Two Hand Op

3、eration(angle wrenches)POSITIVESPOSITIVES积极积极积极积极t tGood RepeatabilityGood Repeatabilityt t Inexpensive Inexpensivet t Low Overshoot Low Overshoot离合器型气动工具离合器型气动工具价格适宜冲劲低重复性能好运行速度下降双手操作自己读力矩第5页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日 Once pre set torque is Once pre set torque is delivered to the joint,delivered to the joi

4、nt,Clutch spring gets Clutch spring gets compressed triggering compressed triggering the mechanism to shut the mechanism to shut off air supply to the off air supply to the motor,providing motor,providing excellent repeatability.excellent repeatability.一旦预先设定的扭矩传递到结合处，离合器弹簧压缩，触发空气供应切断机制运行，并能重复性工作，且效

5、果优良。离合器自动断气型扳手离合器自动断气型扳手扭矩推杆汽车末端离合器弹簧离合器调节螺母螺丝起子第6页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日POSITIVESPOSITIVES Accurate Accurate Low NoiseLow Noise CleanClean Closed-Loop FeedbackClosed-Loop Feedback ErgonomicErgonomic Low Running CostLow Running Cost Can be interfaced with Can be interfaced with PLCs and BCRsPLCs and BCR

6、sNEGATIVESNEGATIVES High Initial InvestmentHigh Initial Investment Torque ReactionTorque Reaction Two hand operation(angle Two hand operation(angle tools)tools)电动拧紧机电动拧紧机精确噪音低清洁闭环反馈工效性运行成本低兼具燃料装填控制系统 和BCRs初始投资高扭矩反应两手操作第7页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧机控制柜拧紧机控制柜第8页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧工具选择拧紧工具选择Operator Ergonom

7、icsOperator Ergonomics(Reaction,Tool Weight,Arm(Reaction,Tool Weight,Arm Position,Frequency)Position,Frequency)Cycle RateCycle RateFastener and Drive TypeFastener and Drive TypeAccess to FastenerAccess to Fastener(Size and Space Constraints)(Size and Space Constraints)Joint CriticalityJoint Critical

8、ityData Collection Data Collection Torque LevelTorque LevelBudgetBudgetPower SourcePower SourceMaintainabilityMaintainabilityTightening StrategyTightening Strategy严谨的策略维修能力力源数据收集结合临界预算紧固件通道扭矩水平循环率紧固件和驱动类型人机工程学的应用（反应，工具重量，力臂位置，频率）第9页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧工具选择综述拧紧工具选择综述 Reliable bolted joints are depend

9、ent on many factors:Reliable bolted joints are dependent on many factors:Fastener quality and typeConsistency of joint materialsAssembly tool usedAssembly method or strategyOperator InfluenceFrictional ScatterMaintenance of bolt clamp load Tool and assembly method selection should occur early in the

10、 Tool and assembly method selection should occur early in the design process to be most effectivedesign process to be most effective螺栓连接的可靠性影响因素很多：紧固件质量和类型联合材料的一致性所用的集装工具集装方法或集装策略操作人员的影响摩擦散射螺栓钳负荷的维护工具和装配方法的选择应在设计过程中及早进行，这样才最有效第10页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量术语扭矩测量术语 动态扭矩动态扭矩-Peak Torque Measured During th

11、e Installation of a Fastener Using Peak Torque Measured During the Installation of a Fastener Using a Power Toola Power Tool-The Preferred and Most Accurate Measurement For-The Preferred and Most Accurate Measurement For Assembly Statistical process ControlAssembly Statistical process Control 静态扭矩静态

12、扭矩-Torque Value That Exist Without Producing Rotation in a FastenerTorque Value That Exist Without Producing Rotation in a Fastener-Used Only as an Indication of a Minimum Torque-Used Only as an Indication of a Minimum Torque残留扭矩-Torque Measured After Fastener is Installed by Rotating The Torque Mea

13、sured After Fastener is Installed by Rotating The Fastener in Tightening DirectionFastener in Tightening Direction-Can Have Significant Measurement Error depending on-Can Have Significant Measurement Error depending on equipment used to Audit Torqueequipment used to Audit Torque峰顶扭矩测量应用在用扭力工具进行紧固件安装

14、中-这是统计过程控制最恰当最精确的测量方法。转矩存在的价值不产生旋转的紧固件，仅作为最低转矩的说明当紧固件按某一方向被旋紧安装后再进行扭矩测量重大测量误差的产生取决于所使用设备的审计转矩第11页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量扭矩测量“标记法 Back-to-the-Mark”准确度准确度:高高 方便性方便性/速度速度:低低Mark then loosen Bolt.Tighten Back to Original Position标记后柠松螺栓，再拧紧回初始位置。Truly Checks Dynamic Tightening Torque切切实实的检查动态拧紧扭矩Works On

15、ly in Tapped Holes这种方法仅仅用在各塞孔处Time Consuming耗费时间第12页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量扭矩测量“Off-torque”准确度准确度:低低 方便性方便性/速度速度:中中Measure Peak Loosening Torque测量松动扭矩的峰值Measurement of Off-Torque Does Not Relate Accurately to Tightening Torque Off-Torque紧固扭矩的测量方法缺乏准确性不知道不知道第13页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量扭矩测量带响声手动扭矩扳手 准确度准

16、确度:低低 方便性方便性/速度速度:高高Apply Torque Until Wrench Clicks at Set Torque扳手点击所设扭矩之前的扭矩为适合扭矩Not a Real Audit Method-Basically a Torque Re-Application Method不是一种真正的审查方法,基本上是一种扭矩再应用检测Only Gives Assurance That Inspected Fastener Has Been Tightened只能用来检测早先紧固件的紧固情况第14页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量扭矩测量 扭矩手动扳手 准确度准确度:低低

17、方便性方便性/速度速度:中中Apply Torque Until Operator Senses Movement操作人员能够感应到移动之前的扭矩为适合扭矩Read Peak Torque on Tool Indicator从指示器上读出峰值扭矩Subject to Operators Skill and Joint Conditions遵从操作技能和共同条件第15页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量扭矩测量扭矩/角度 扳手带外部记录仪器 准确度准确度:较高较高 方便性方便性/速度速度:低低Capable of Measuring Dynamic Torque能够测量动态扭矩Equi

18、pment Is Bulky and Difficult to Use设备庞大很难用第16页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩测量扭矩测量扭矩/角度 力矩扳手带有动态扭矩监测算法准确度准确度:高高 方便性方便性/速度速度:高高Truly Checks Dynamic Torque After the Fastener Has Been Rotated a Small Amount 紧固件已经小幅度旋转之后再切实检查动态扭矩第17页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日动态扭矩动态扭矩Peak Static Torque静态扭矩峰值Angle,Angle,q q q qResidual To

19、rque Measured Dynamically残余扭矩的动态测量Torque,TTorque,T“Snug”Torque“事宜扭矩Capture Angle2-4角度第18页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日工件连接基础知识工件连接基础知识 Hard Joint-30 or lessHard Joint-30 or less -high torque rate -high torque rate 硬连接30或更小高转矩率Soft Joint-720 or moreSoft Joint-720 or more -low torque rate -low torque rate 软连接720

20、或更大-低扭矩率第19页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日连接形式连接形式 硬连接硬连接30 or less rotation between snug and final torque (27 between 10%and 100%torque)介于适宜扭矩与最后扭矩30度或小于30度的旋转 (0.27的公差)。软连接软连接720 rotation between snug and final torque (650 between 10%and 100%torque)介于适宜扭矩与最后扭矩做720度的旋转 (6.5的公差)。JOINT RATES AS DEFINED BY ISO 53

21、93连接率的定义由国际标准化组织5393界定Joint rate highly effects the final clamp load achieved by a given torque连接率对最后给定的夹负载力矩有很大的影响力Clamp Load(torque)Angle(Time)Clamp Load夹负荷夹负荷Angle第20页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日TORQUETORQUE扭矩扭矩TLTLTLTHTHTHTCTCTCSNUGSNUGSNUG 27 27AAAsss 30 30A A11TLTLTHTHTCTCSNUGSNUG适宜适宜适宜适宜 720 720A A00A

22、Ass连接形式连接形式第21页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日连接形式连接形式 PREVAILING TORQUEPREVAILING TORQUENotable Torque Before Fastener Begins to Seat紧固件在开始设定位置前应予以重视Can be Hard or Soft或是硬链接或只是软连接Examples例如-Thread Forming线程的形成-Thread Cutting 螺纹切削-Self Locking 自锁功能-Damaged Threads-Damaged 螺纹破损PrevailingTorque现行扭矩现行扭矩SNUGTLTHTC第2

23、2页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧基础知识拧紧基础知识第23页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩和转角扭矩和转角长度长度(Feet,Meters)脚、米力力(Newtons,Pounds)牛顿,英镑扭矩扭矩=力力 x 长度长度角度90 135 第24页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧基础拧紧基础 Tightening Threaded Fasteners Tightening Threaded Fasteners is Basically an is Basically an Energy Transfer Energy Transfer ProcessProcess

24、螺纹紧固件紧固过程可以说是能量转移的过程 Area Under Torque-Angle Curve is Area Under Torque-Angle Curve is Proportional to the Energy Proportional to the Energy Required to Tighten the FastenerRequired to Tighten the Fastener 扭矩角度曲线以下的区域与紧固件紧固所需的能量成正比。T=K d FT=K d F T=TorqueT=Torque扭矩 d=Nominal Diameter d=Nominal Diame

25、ter公众认可的直径 F=Force F=Force力 K=Friction Factor K=Friction Factor 摩擦因素角度,q扭矩,TArea Area Energy Energy第25页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩消耗到哪里去了扭矩消耗到哪里去了?螺纹摩擦力夹紧力螺帽摩擦力扭矩螺帽摩擦力螺帽摩擦力 55%罗纹摩擦力罗纹摩擦力-35%夹紧力夹紧力-10%第26页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧曲线拧紧曲线扭矩上限扭矩上限扭矩下限扭矩下限合格窗口合格窗口角度下限角度下限角度上限角度上限Snug Torque Snug Torque(Threshold)(Th

26、reshold)适宜扭矩适宜扭矩(阈值）阈值）PrevailingPrevailing TorqueTorque现行扭矩现行扭矩扭矩扭矩(夹紧力夹紧力)角度角度,q q目标扭矩目标扭矩 螺栓屈服点螺栓屈服点Plastic RangePlastic Range塑性范围塑性范围Elastic RangeElastic Range弹性范围弹性范围第27页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日拧紧曲线拧紧曲线Rundown破旧Rundown:Before the bolt head/nut comes into full contact with bearing area在螺栓头/螺母完全接触轴承区域之

27、前Plastic/Post-Yield塑性/标杆-效益Plastic/Post-Yield:Permanent deformation of fastener or possible yielding of threads,joint or gasket紧固件的永久变形或只是线程、连接或垫圈的形成Elastic Clamping弹性夹紧Elastic Clamping:Constant torque/angle slope where energy is transferred from tool to assembly恒量扭矩/斜率界定在能源问题转移到装配工具过程时Snug适宜Snug:Fa

28、stener and joint mating surfaces are drawn into alignment 紧固件及连接点表层要对齐第28页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩控制拧紧过程扭矩控制拧紧过程扭矩控制拧紧过程扭矩控制拧紧过程拧紧方法拧紧方法扭矩上限扭矩上限扭矩下限扭矩下限Snug Torque Snug Torque(Threshold)(Threshold)适宜的扭矩适宜的扭矩(阈值阈值)。扭矩扭矩(夹紧力夹紧力)角度角度,q q目标扭矩目标扭矩 第29页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日 The variation in clamp loads is contro

29、lled by friction The variation in clamp loads is controlled by friction scatter.Using ascatter.Using a very accuratevery accurate wrench will not help wrench will not help preload scatter.However,apreload scatter.However,a very inaccuratevery inaccurate wrench wrench will have a detrimental impact o

30、n preload scatterwill have a detrimental impact on preload scatter.负荷作用下的变形源于摩擦。使用非常精确的扳手不能缓解再负荷式的散射，然而对负荷分散会产生不利影响。扭矩控制拧紧扭矩控制拧紧扭矩控制拧紧扭矩控制拧紧拧紧方法拧紧方法第30页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日扭矩控制拧紧扭矩控制拧紧拧紧方法拧紧方法 Applied Torque Is Controlled Directly or IndirectlyApplied Torque Is Controlled Directly or Indirectly扭矩的应用直接

31、或间接受控 Target Torque Is Usually 50%to 85%of Yield TorqueTarget Torque Is Usually 50%to 85%of Yield Torque目标扭矩通常介于效益扭矩的50%-85%Used in Elastic Range of FastenerUsed in Elastic Range of Fastener用于紧固件弹性范围内 90%Of Applied Torque Is Used to Overcome Friction90%Of Applied Torque Is Used to Overcome Friction

32、90%的应用扭矩是用来克服摩擦的 Also known as:Torque,Straight TorqueAlso known as:Torque,Straight Torque据目前所知：扭矩、直扭矩Preload Accuracy 25%Preload Accuracy 25%再负荷精确度25%第31页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日 Step 1:Apply a Torque to Consolidate the JointStep 1:Apply a Torque to Consolidate the JointComponents(Components(Snug TorqueSn

33、ug Torque)第一步：运用扭矩来巩固部件的连接情况 Step 2:Turn the Fastener Through a Pre-determined AngleStep 2:Turn the Fastener Through a Pre-determined Angle第二步:通过预先设定的角度进行紧固 Originally Developed for Beyond Yield Tightening,Now Also Used Originally Developed for Beyond Yield Tightening,Now Also Used in the Elastic Ra

34、ngein the Elastic Range最初的超出拧紧区域的发展屈服,现在也用在弹性范围内 Requires Application Testing to Establish Snug Torque and Requires Application Testing to Establish Snug Torque and Angle Parameters Angle Parameters 需要应用试验建立适宜的转矩和角参数 Also known as:Turn of the Nut,Torque-AngleAlso known as:Turn of the Nut,Torque-Angl

35、e 目前所知:螺母的旋转扭矩-角度Preload Accuracy 15%再负荷精确度15%角度控制拧紧方法拧紧方法第32页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日角度控制角度控制Low Angle Limit角度下线High Angle Limit角度上限Snug Torque Snug Torque(Threshold)(Threshold)Torque(Clamp Load)Angle,q q第33页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日角度控制角度控制 Scatter in Preload is Caused Mainly by The Scatter in Scatter in Prelo

36、ad is Caused Mainly by The Scatter in Friction During the Torque Tightening(Snug Torque)Friction During the Torque Tightening(Snug Torque)Portion of the Tightening ProcedurePortion of the Tightening Procedure预分散主要由于在紧缩过程中扭矩拧紧部分产生的分散摩擦造成的。During the Angle Tightening Portion There is no Scatter in Dur

37、ing the Angle Tightening Portion There is no Scatter in Preload Due to Friction,Only the Scatter in Applied Preload Due to Friction,Only the Scatter in Applied AngleAngle Turned在角度紧缩部分，没有因摩擦而产生负荷的散射，只有应用角度旋转时的散射。第34页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日角度控制角度控制角度说明:Snug torque has a tolerance which can increase the in

38、itial Snug torque has a tolerance which can increase the initial clamp load scatter.clamp load scatter.适宜扭矩已为能够增加最初的预散射提供了空间。A low snug torque should be used whenever possible.When a high A low snug torque should be used whenever possible.When a high snug torque is used,the effect of constant preloa

39、d snug torque is used,the effect of constant preload v v.angle is lost.angle is lost.较低的适宜扭矩应该尽量加以利用。而当使用一个高的适宜扭矩时,预设的角度常量的作用会被忽视。A low snug torque will also reduce the effects of torque A low snug torque will also reduce the effects of torque scatter before the angle is counted.scatter before the a

40、ngle is counted.角度计算之前，较低的适宜扭矩将会减少扭矩分散。When tightening in the plastic range of a fastener,variation When tightening in the plastic range of a fastener,variation in yield strength is also a factor.in yield strength is also a factor.在紧固件塑性范围内紧缩时，变形也是产生角度的一个原因。第35页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日屈服点控制屈服点控制 Torque an

41、d Angle Are Monitored During TighteningTorque and Angle Are Monitored During Tightening紧缩时扭矩和角度是相辅相成的。The Maximum Gradient is Stored&the Yield Point Identified When the Gradient The Maximum Gradient is Stored&the Yield Point Identified When the Gradient Falls to a Fraction of the MaximumFalls to a F

42、raction of the Maximum当梯度下降达到最大值的一部分时，最大梯度值会被记录，紧缩点也会被确定。Utilizes Maximum Load Potential of the FastenerUtilizes Maximum Load Potential of the Fastener利用紧固件的最大承载潜力 Largely Uninfluenced by FrictionLargely Uninfluenced by Friction在很大程度上不受摩擦的影响 Allows Torque Angle Inspection of Every TighteningAllows T

43、orque Angle Inspection of Every Tightening允许对所有紧缩政策实施扭矩转角的监控 Bolts Can Be ReusedBolts Can Be Reused螺栓可以重复利用 Also known as:Torque to YieldAlso known as:Torque to Yield扭矩屈服点 Preload Accuracy 8%Preload Accuracy 8%拧紧方法拧紧方法第36页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日屈服点控制屈服点控制50%of Peak Gradient50%的峰值梯度Torque Torque GradientG

44、radient扭矩梯度Bolt Yield Point螺栓屈服点TorqueTorqueTorque(Clamp Load)夹负荷Angle,q q第37页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日屈服点控制屈服点控制Reduced Variation in Preload After Tightening:紧缩之后减少预负荷中的变形 Preload Scatter is More Dependent on Strength Variation Preload Scatter is More Dependent on Strength Variation Than Friction Variatio

45、nThan Friction Variation 比起摩擦，预分散更依赖于强度变化 Bolt Strength is More Controllable Than FrictionBolt Strength is More Controllable Than Friction螺栓强度比起摩擦力可控性更强。第38页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日 PRELOAD,N,预负荷预负荷NThread线程线程GradeSizeRange8.810.912.98.810.912.9M4 x 0.7M4 x 0.7MinimumMinimum4,4006,2007,3003.14.45.3Maximum

46、Maximum5,6007,6008,8004.367.2M5 x 0.8M5 x 0.8MinimumMinimum7,20010,00012,2006.4911MaximumMaximum9,20012,40014,6008.71215M6 x 1.0M6 x 1.0MinimumMinimum10,20014,20016,100111418MaximumMaximum13,00017,60020,500152024M8 x 1.25M8 x 1.25MinimumMinimum18,60026,20031,400253744MaximumMaximum23,80032,20037,800

47、365160M10 x 1.5M10 x 1.5MinimumMinimum29,80041,60050,000527388MaximumMaximum38,00051,20060,0007199119M12 x 1.75M12 x 1.75MinimumMinimum43,40060,70072,90092128156MaximumMaximum54,40074,90087,700127173207M14 x 2.0M14 x 2.0MinimumMinimum59,40083,300100,000144205244MaximumMaximum75,600102,000120,0002002

48、80335M16 x 2.0M16 x 2.0MinimumMinimum82,500115,000138,000228322383MaximumMaximum105,000141,000166,000310450520M18 x 2.5M18 x 2.5MinimumMinimum99,200139,000167,000305430510MaximumMaximum127,000171,000201,000420595710GradeM6 x 1.0M6 x 1.0MinimumMinimum10,20010,20014,20014,20016,10016,100111114141818Ma

49、ximumMaximum13,00013,00017,60017,60020,50020,500151520202424夹紧力和理想扭矩夹紧力和理想扭矩 EXPECTED TORQUE,Nm预期的扭矩预期的扭矩,海里海里第39页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日Clamp Load Scatter夹负荷分散精密力矩扳手精密力矩扳手M10气动冲击扳手气动冲击扳手M14气动定扭气动定扭矩扳手矩扳手M12最小夹紧力最小夹紧力最小夹紧力最小夹紧力电动扳手电动扳手屈服点控制屈服点控制M8 8%15%25%30-40%工具和螺栓选择工具和螺栓选择第40页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期日屈服点控制屈服

50、点控制 Joint May Not Be Critical Enough to Warrant its CostJoint May Not Be Critical Enough to Warrant its Cost 联合不足以保证其成本 Should Not Use When:Should Not Use When:不应使用的时机可概括为以下方面：Bolt Yield Strength Joint Compressive Strength螺栓屈服强度大于联合抗压强度时Bolt Yields Somewhere Other Than Threads螺栓产量某个主题Head Shears螺栓头掉