新标准大学英语综合教程3课文翻译和课后习题答案ppt课件.pptx
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1、RealCommunicationAn Integrated Course制作 外语教学与研究出版社版权所有病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程TextCan bad luck be explained?Can bad luck be explained?病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程Can bad luck be explained
2、?1 Toastalwayslandsbuttersidedown.Italwaysrainsonbankholidays.Youneverwinthelottery,butotherpeople you know seem to.Do you ever get theimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?Eventhemostrationalpersoncanbeconvincedattimesthatthereisaforceouttheremakingmishapsoccurattheworstpossibletime.Weallliketobelieveth
3、atMurphysLawistrue(“ifitcangowrong,itwill”).Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程2 Partoftheexplanationforbadluckismathematical,butpartispsychological.Indeedthereisaverycloseconnection between peoples perception of bad luck andinterestingcoincidences.3 Forexample,takethebelieft
4、hat“badthingsalwayshappen in threes”(just like buses.!)This popularnotion would be unlikely to stand the scrutiny of any scientific study,but it must have some basis inexperience,otherwise the phrase would never havearisen in the first place.What might be the rationalexplanation?Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能
5、,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程4 Thefirstquestionis“whatisbad?”5 Somethingsareonlymarginallybad,forexamplethetrainarrivingfiveminuteslate.Someareextremelybad,suchasfailinganexamorbeingsacked.Sobadnessismuchbetterrepresentedasbeingonaspectrumratherthansomethingwhichisthereornotthere.Text病原体侵入
6、机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程6 Aparticulareventmayonlybeamisfortunebecauseofthecircumstancesaroundit.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.Itisbadifyouarelateforanimportantmeeting.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破
7、坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程7 Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthrees,whatmaybemostimportantofallisthedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.Takeaburstpipewhileyouareawayonholiday,forexample.Itmaytakelessthananhourtofloodthehouse,butthisonebadeventcanremainaliveandkickingformanymonths,witht
8、hecleaningupoperationandthedebatewithyourinsurersactingasconstantremindersoftheoriginalevent.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程8 Thelongerthefirstbadeventsticksinthefrontofyourmind,themoreopportunitiesyouwillhavetoexperience two more bad events.A month latersomeonebumpstheba
9、ckofyourcarandaweekafterthat you lose your wedding ring.The mind which isalreadyonalowfromthefirsteventwillquicklyleaptoconnectthesubsequentmisfortunesaspartoftheseries.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程Itwouldntmatterthattherecouldbeatwo-monthtimescaleoverwhicheverythinghap
10、pened.Bythetimeyouhaverecoveredfromthewaterdamageyouareactivelylookingoutforthenextdisaster.Thetimescalehasbeenextendedaslongasisnecessarytoconfirmtheoriginalprophecy.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程9 As with coincidences,in bad luck there is a tendencytolookfortheexamples
11、whichconfirmthetheory,andignorethosewhichdont(becausetheyarelessinteresting).Singlebadeventshappenallthetime.That aloneshould be enough to disprove the theory.Badthingsalsocomeintwos.Butitismorelikelythatafriendwilltellyou“threebadthingshavehappenedtome,isntthattypical”than“onlytwobadthingshavehappe
12、ned to me,which just proves that the theorydoesntwork”.Afterall,thelatteristemptingfate!Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程10 Thereis,however,atleastonerationalreasonwhybad events might cluster together.It is related toprobabilityandindependence.Unluckyeventsarenotalways inde
13、pendent of each other.Anybody who ismaderedundantisbound tosuffersomedepression.Thatwilllowerthebodysdefences,makingthepersonvulnerabletoillness,andalsomakingthemlessalertandresponsive(sotheymaybemorelikelytodropapreciousvase,forexample).Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程So
14、while the probability ofbeingmaderedundantonanyparticulardayandtheprobabilityofbeingsickmaybothbesmall,thechanceof both occurring is almost certainly higher than theproductofthetwoprobabilities.Map reading misfortunes11 Somuchforthegeneralincidentsofbadluckwhichcrop up in life.Lets get on to a speci
15、fic one thateveryonehasencountered.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程12 Youareofftovisitafriendwholivesattheotherendofthecity.Youlookuptheroadinthestreetatlas,anddiscoverthatitisrightontheedgeofthepage.This means that finding the precise route becomes achore of flicking back
16、wards and forwards from one pagetothenext.Eithertheroadishalfononepageandhalfontheother,oritsspreadacrossthefoldinthemiddleofthebook.Andifitsanordnancesurveymap,thenyourdestinationisatjustthepointwhereyoufoldedthemapover.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程13 Itdoesntseemfair.
17、Afterallamaponlyhasatinybitof“edge”butplentyof“middle”inwhichyourdestination could be situated.Or has it?In fact thechance of picking a destination which is close to theedgeofthemapisalothigherthanyoumightexpect.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程14 Takealookatthemapinthediag
18、ram.Youwillhaveaproblemifyourdestinationisanywherein the shaded area marked on the map.This shadedareaisjust1cmintothepageallthewayaround.Itlooksinsignificant.However,theshadedareaaddsupto56cm2.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程Thatrepresents28percentoftheareaofthewholepageo
19、fthemap,whichmeansthatanyspecificpointthatyouareseekingonthismaphasa28percentchance(thatsnearlyoneinthree)ofbeinginanawkwardpositionwithin1cmoftheedgeofthepage.Andifyouregardbeingwithin2cmoftheedgeofthepageasbeingawkward,thechanceofill-fortuneclimbsto52percent.Inotherwords,youmightexpectthismisfortu
20、netooccuronalmosteveryotherjourney.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程15 Asinmostbadluckstories,youforgetaboutthenumber of times the road doesnt land awkwardly andrememberthetimesitdoes,andinthiscasethechanceofabadresultissohighthatbeforelongyouareboundtobecursingyourmisfortu
21、ne,orthemapsprinter,orboth.This,incidentally,iswhymanymodernroadmapsallowsignificantoverlapsbetweenadjacentmappages.Inagoodroadatlas,atleast30percentofthepageisduplicatedelsewhere.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程 The lights are always red when Im in a hurry16 Oneofthebeste
22、xamplesofselectivememorywhereanunfaircomparisonismadebetweengoodandbadisintherelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourney.Foronce,theperceptionof“Ialwaysseemto get red lights when Im in a hurry”is true andverifiable.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程To simplify the situati
23、on,think of atrafficlightasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50percent chance of being red,and 50 per cent of beinggreen.(Infactmosttrafficlightsspendmoretimeonred).Ifyouencountersixtrafficlightsonajourney,thenyouarenomorelikelytoescapearedlightthanyouaretotosssixconsecutiveheads,thechanceofwhichis1in64.Te
24、xt病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程17 Redlightscomeupjustasoftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry;itsjustthatthedisadvantageoftheredlightisconsiderablylessiftimeisnotcritical.Thefalsepartoftheperceptionisthatredlightshappenmorethangreenlights.Text病原体侵入机体,消弱机体防御机能,破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性,且在一定部位生
25、长繁殖,引起不同程度的病理生理过程The reason for this is simplythatadriverhasmoretimetothinkaboutaredlightthanagreenlight,becausewhilethelatterisgoneinseconds and indeed is an experience no different fromjustdrivingalongtheopenroadtheredlightforcesachangeofbehaviour,amomentofexertionandstress,andthenadeprivationoffr
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