英语四六级作文课件ppt.ppt

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1、四六级写作专题培训四六级写作专题培训2010.4.27大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分原则大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分原则n n1 1 CETCET检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。n n2 2CETCET作文题采用总体评分作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Award Scores)(Award Scores)，而不是按语言，而不是按语言

2、点的错误数目扣分。点的错误数目扣分。n n3 3从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。n n4 4避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低避免趋中倾向

3、。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文分给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分标准大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分标准n n1 1本题满分为本题满分为1515分分n n2 2阅卷标准共分五等：阅卷标准共分五等：2 2分、分、5 5分、分、8 8分、分、1111分及分及1414分。分。n n3 3阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如如 8 8分分)相似，即定为相似，即定为 该分数该分数

4、(即即8 8分分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分一分(即即9 9分分)或减一分或减一分(即即7 7分分)。但不得加或减半分。但不得加或减半分。n n4 4评分标准评分标准n n2 2分分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。且多数为严重错误。n n5 5分分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。误。n n8 8分分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言基本切题。有些地方表达思

5、想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。n n1111分分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。n n1414分分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。错误，仅有个别小错。n n 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给思想，则给0 0分。分。审题和构思审题和构思n n审题构思是写好作文的第一步，一般来

6、说，审题不但是要审题构思是写好作文的第一步，一般来说，审题不但是要求读懂题目的字面意思，而且要深刻理解作文题目中内含求读懂题目的字面意思，而且要深刻理解作文题目中内含的意思和要求，了解和掌握写作的主旨大意，最后紧紧围的意思和要求，了解和掌握写作的主旨大意，最后紧紧围绕这个中心来写作。通常考生必须在第一部分阐述自己的绕这个中心来写作。通常考生必须在第一部分阐述自己的主要观点，在第二部分紧紧围绕一个问题展开阐述，不可主要观点，在第二部分紧紧围绕一个问题展开阐述，不可牵扯到其他不重要的问题上。最后一部分得出结论。牵扯到其他不重要的问题上。最后一部分得出结论。草拟提纲草拟提纲n n草拟提纲是写好作文的

7、第二步。草拟提纲是写好作文的第二步。在理解作文题目及构思出在理解作文题目及构思出文章大致轮廓的基础上，应该着手写提纲。提纲包括文章文章大致轮廓的基础上，应该着手写提纲。提纲包括文章应分几段来写，每一段围绕什么样的主题展开，各段需要应分几段来写，每一段围绕什么样的主题展开，各段需要扩展那些内容，先写什么，后写什么，怎么样写才有说服扩展那些内容，先写什么，后写什么，怎么样写才有说服力并能把主题句阐述清楚，要经过删选，决定取舍，分清力并能把主题句阐述清楚，要经过删选，决定取舍，分清主次主次,要选择既有代表性和典型性又有说服力的素材去论要选择既有代表性和典型性又有说服力的素材去论证或阐述文章的主题及各

8、段主题句中的观点。证或阐述文章的主题及各段主题句中的观点。例如：例如：A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television.on Television.n nThesis:Thesis:TV is the most effective medium for advertising.TV is the most effective medium for advertising.n nBody:Body:A A：TV is the most

9、popular medium that reaches almost every TV is the most popular medium that reaches almost every family.family.a.Computers,expensive,not needed by every family.a.Computers,expensive,not needed by every family.b.Newspaper and magazines,not subscribed by every family.b.Newspaper and magazines,not subs

10、cribed by every family.B:TV commercials are best remembered with sound,pictures B:TV commercials are best remembered with sound,pictures and actions.and actions.a.Newspapers and magazines:words but no sound and action a.Newspapers and magazines:words but no sound and action b.Radios,sound but no pic

11、tures and actions.b.Radios,sound but no pictures and actions.C.TV commercials are rarely missedC.TV commercials are rarely missed。a.Arranged between hot shows.a.Arranged between hot shows.b.Appearing at best time of day.b.Appearing at best time of day.n nConclusion:Conclusion:To achieve the best eff

12、ect of advertisements,businesses should To achieve the best effect of advertisements,businesses should promote their products and services on TV.promote their products and services on TV.篇章结构篇章结构 任何一篇文章都是由若干个段落构成的。就段任何一篇文章都是由若干个段落构成的。就段落在文章中的作用而言，我们大致可以划分为落在文章中的作用而言，我们大致可以划分为三种：三种：1.1.Introduction I

13、ntroduction 引言段引言段2.2.Body Body 正文段正文段3.3.Conclusion Conclusion 结尾段结尾段Introduction 通常引言段包括通常引言段包括opening sentences opening sentences 和和 thesis statementthesis statement两部两部分，主要有以下几种常见的写法。分，主要有以下几种常见的写法。1.1.对文章的主题进行简单的陈述，缩小范围，自然过渡到对文章的主题进行简单的陈述，缩小范围，自然过渡到命题。命题。Books can be factual about real events,r

14、eal people and Books can be factual about real events,real people and established facts like magazines,textbooks and reference established facts like magazines,textbooks and reference books.Books can also be imaginative events,people or books.Books can also be imaginative events,people or made-up fa

15、cts.made-up facts.Whatever type a book belongs to,factual or Whatever type a book belongs to,factual or imaginary,a good book benefits reader from different imaginary,a good book benefits reader from different perspectives.Therefore,people should read books of both perspectives.Therefore,people shou

16、ld read books of both type.type.写法二：写法二：对文章论述的重要概念下定义：对文章论述的重要概念下定义：Special gifts are gifts that people rarely give out or Special gifts are gifts that people rarely give out or receive on a particular occasion.receive on a particular occasion.Just because of Just because of rareness,special gifts a

17、re enriched with the feeling rareness,special gifts are enriched with the feeling from the giver.from the giver.n n写法三：以发问形式开头写法三：以发问形式开头 What do we mean by creating a green campus?What do we mean by creating a green campus?Creating a green campus not only means creating a Creating a green campus no

18、t only means creating a green environment,but also refers to building green environment,but also refers to building harmony between environment and people within the harmony between environment and people within the campus.campus.Body 一篇好的英语作文不仅要有段落主题句（一篇好的英语作文不仅要有段落主题句（thesis statement),thesis stat

19、ement),清楚地中心思想，协调贯通的句间转折，而且还要有协调清楚地中心思想，协调贯通的句间转折，而且还要有协调的段落与段落之间，段落与篇章之间的关系。要使作文在的段落与段落之间，段落与篇章之间的关系。要使作文在段落上充实，赋予说服力和感染力，掌握好文章段落的展段落上充实，赋予说服力和感染力，掌握好文章段落的展开模式极为重要。开模式极为重要。常见的段落展开方式有以下几种：常见的段落展开方式有以下几种：一、例证法（一、例证法（ExamplesExamples）例证法顾名思义，就是通过主题句对该段落中心例证法顾名思义，就是通过主题句对该段落中心思想进行阐述，然后通过典型生动、有说服力的思想进行阐

20、述，然后通过典型生动、有说服力的客观事实来支持主题句的观点，使其得到完美充客观事实来支持主题句的观点，使其得到完美充分表达的一种段落展开方式。分表达的一种段落展开方式。For countries,good fences keep good neighbors For countries,good fences keep good neighbors means that they should keep a certain distance if good means that they should keep a certain distance if good neighborly rel

21、ations are to be developed.Take the neighborly relations are to be developed.Take the Sino-USSR relations for example.The early 1950s Sino-USSR relations for example.The early 1950s saw the two countries in their honeymoon,but the saw the two countries in their honeymoon,but the happy marriage did n

22、ot last long,they became happy marriage did not last long,they became enemies in the late 1950s.enemies in the late 1950s.二、因果法（二、因果法（Cause and effect)Cause and effect)因果法主要是用来探索事物间的因果关系，一因果法主要是用来探索事物间的因果关系，一般有三种途径：般有三种途径：1.1.主要探讨事物的内在原因，因为已经有了最终主要探讨事物的内在原因，因为已经有了最终的结果；的结果；2.2.主要探讨事物的最终结果，因为有了明确的原主要

23、探讨事物的最终结果，因为有了明确的原因；因；3.3.把原因和结果结合在一起来加以讨论。把原因和结果结合在一起来加以讨论。三、比较对照法（三、比较对照法（Comparison)Comparison)在英文写作中，经常使用比较或对照的方法来描在英文写作中，经常使用比较或对照的方法来描写人物或事物。比较对照法有两种方式：写人物或事物。比较对照法有两种方式：1.1.对人物或事物采取逐点比较或对照的方法；对人物或事物采取逐点比较或对照的方法；2.2.对人物或事物采取集中比较或对照的方法。对人物或事物采取集中比较或对照的方法。My hometown is different from what it us

24、ed to be just a few years My hometown is different from what it used to be just a few years ago.In the past,it was a small city.The streets were for most part narrow ago.In the past,it was a small city.The streets were for most part narrow and winding,and the houses are small and shabby.But now,ther

25、e are and winding,and the houses are small and shabby.But now,there are broad streets which are lined with large and imposing buildings.You can broad streets which are lined with large and imposing buildings.You can also find crowds of people here and there.also find crowds of people here and there.

26、Jane and Karen have many things in common.To begin with,both Jane and Karen have many things in common.To begin with,both girls have the same backgrounds.Jane was born and raised in west,and girls have the same backgrounds.Jane was born and raised in west,and so was Karen.Next,both girls are interes

27、ted in the same kind of subjects so was Karen.Next,both girls are interested in the same kind of subjects in school.Jane likes French,history and English,and Karen likes in school.Jane likes French,history and English,and Karen likes silimarsilimar subjects as Jane.subjects as Jane.四、综合法四、综合法 事实上，在具

28、体的写作中，常常采取对以上几事实上，在具体的写作中，常常采取对以上几种方法的综合使用来展开段落，说明段落的中心种方法的综合使用来展开段落，说明段落的中心思想。思想。Our eyes give us information all the time,but our Our eyes give us information all the time,but our brains decide what is important to us.For instance,if brains decide what is important to us.For instance,if you walk d

29、own the street,you will see many faces.you walk down the street,you will see many faces.But if you see someone you know,you will notice But if you see someone you know,you will notice him immediately.him immediately.Conclusion 文章的结尾旨在表达作者经过上面论述对主题的文章的结尾旨在表达作者经过上面论述对主题的进一步认识，并得到概括性的结论。进一步认识，并得到概括性的结论

30、。通常有以通常有以下几种方法可以采纳来概括总结下几种方法可以采纳来概括总结1.1.提出更概括的言论提出更概括的言论2.2.提出建议提出建议3.3.提出解决问题的方法提出解决问题的方法4.4.提出警告提出警告5.5.提出预言提出预言Read and Judge1.1.To stop losing more forest,To stop losing more forest,we should educate people,we should educate people,especially those who have especially those who have destroyed a

31、nd who are destroyed and who are going to destroy forests for going to destroy forests for one reason or another.one reason or another.2.2.The extinction of species,The extinction of species,the shortage of lumber and the shortage of lumber and forest and the reduction of forest and the reduction of

32、 oxygen all signal that we oxygen all signal that we cannot afford losing more cannot afford losing more forest.forest.3.If forests are continuously 3.If forests are continuously losing like today,one day in losing like today,one day in the future our human will the future our human will sustain the

33、 consequences of sustain the consequences of todays forest destruction.todays forest destruction.遣词造句遣词造句 四六级作文评分中一个重要标准就是考察考生的四六级作文评分中一个重要标准就是考察考生的语言表达能力语言表达能力，其次是谋篇布局的写作技巧，最，其次是谋篇布局的写作技巧，最后才是思想观点的阐述。因为考生在一篇作文里后才是思想观点的阐述。因为考生在一篇作文里表达的观点在一定程度上可以说无所谓正确或错表达的观点在一定程度上可以说无所谓正确或错误，只要能把自己的观点表达清楚，能自圆其说误，只要能

34、把自己的观点表达清楚，能自圆其说就可以了就可以了。用词得当用词得当 写作时的用词得当不仅能准确地表达思想，而且能展示作者规范使用写作时的用词得当不仅能准确地表达思想，而且能展示作者规范使用语言的功底和驾驭语言的能力。但这并不意味着必须用偏词，难词，语言的功底和驾驭语言的能力。但这并不意味着必须用偏词，难词，着眼点还是在基本词汇的使用上。包括同义词，近义词的使用，词汇着眼点还是在基本词汇的使用上。包括同义词，近义词的使用，词汇的搭配以及惯用法的使用。的搭配以及惯用法的使用。E.g.My voice E.g.My voice shookshook with excitement.(trembled

35、)with excitement.(trembled)His parents His parents forbidforbid him him fromfrom going out.going out.Forbid Forbid sbsb to do to do sthsth.prohibit prohibit sbsb from doing from doing sthsth.语法正确语法正确n n一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该正确无误。一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该正确无误。这里所说的语法不正确，是一个比较广泛的概念，通常这里所说的语法不正确，是一个比较广泛的概念，通常

36、是指主谓不一致，结构不统一，时态语态混乱等。以下是指主谓不一致，结构不统一，时态语态混乱等。以下为写作考试中常见的语法错误。为写作考试中常见的语法错误。1.1.EveryEvery hold hold different points of view.(different points of view.(主谓不一致主谓不一致)2.2.I left the classroom after the lecture I left the classroom after the lecture was finishedwas finished.(.(语态混乱语态混乱)）3.3.It is high t

37、ime weIt is high time we do do something to reduce traffic accidents.(something to reduce traffic accidents.(时态错误时态错误)4.4.There has been more and more accidents There has been more and more accidents happenedhappened in recent years.(in recent years.(结构错误结构错误)5.5.I was walking in the street I saw on

38、e of my friends.(I was walking in the street I saw one of my friends.(句子结构不统一句子结构不统一)结构、意义完整结构、意义完整 不少考生写作时由于受汉语的影响很大，而且随意性很强，不少考生写作时由于受汉语的影响很大，而且随意性很强，所以容易出现结构和意义不完整的句子或残缺句。所以容易出现结构和意义不完整的句子或残缺句。导致这导致这种结构和意义不完整句子出现的主要原因有三：种结构和意义不完整句子出现的主要原因有三：一、遣词造句主观随意性大，写完后来不及检查，有时出现一、遣词造句主观随意性大，写完后来不及检查，有时出现半个句子

39、，或只有从句而无主句的现象。半个句子，或只有从句而无主句的现象。二、用汉语习惯套用英语。二、用汉语习惯套用英语。三、语法意识淡薄，对句子的基本组成模式模糊。三、语法意识淡薄，对句子的基本组成模式模糊。以下为一些残缺句和融合句的例子，希望大家引以为戒！以下为一些残缺句和融合句的例子，希望大家引以为戒！1.1.Many people in our country prefer riding bike to go to work.Many people in our country prefer riding bike to go to work.Because it is cheaper and

40、convenient.Because it is cheaper and convenient.2.2.He loves the dog better than his brother.He loves the dog better than his brother.3.3.However,too many examinations probably make us very However,too many examinations probably make us very tired and nervous,and waste our much time and useless at t

41、ired and nervous,and waste our much time and useless at all.all.How to improve?句型多样化句型多样化 句型多样化指在语法正确，结构完整的前提下，句型多样化指在语法正确，结构完整的前提下，根据句意使句式丰富有变化，生动活泼，重点突根据句意使句式丰富有变化，生动活泼，重点突出，以增加文章的出，以增加文章的“闪光点闪光点”。如果只用主语。如果只用主语+谓谓语语+宾语的简单形式，会使文章句式简单而显得平宾语的简单形式，会使文章句式简单而显得平淡枯燥。淡枯燥。E.g.Many people watch television.T

42、hey spend so much E.g.Many people watch television.They spend so much time in front of it.They never really time in front of it.They never really exerienceexerience their their own lives.own lives.如果适当地把各句连接起来？如果适当地把各句连接起来？Many people spend so much time in front of television that Many people spend

43、so much time in front of television that they never really experience their own lives.they never really experience their own lives.But 句式的变化并不意味着将简单句都变成复合句或并列复合句式的变化并不意味着将简单句都变成复合句或并列复合句，句，而是根据词句关系，运用一些写作技巧和相关词语使而是根据词句关系，运用一些写作技巧和相关词语使句式更灵活、活泼。句式更灵活、活泼。For example:For example:We should.?We should.?H

44、ow to express the same idea with different sentence patterns?How to express the same idea with different sentence patterns?It will be wise for usWe might as wellWhy dont weOnly when we take effective measures can we几种常见的变换句型的方式几种常见的变换句型的方式1.1.运用分词、不定式短语、介词短语和副词等，置于句首，使句型多运用分词、不定式短语、介词短语和副词等，置于句首，使句型

45、多样化。样化。We are students on campus,so that we should work hard.We are students on campus,so that we should work hard.Being students on campus,we should work hard.Being students on campus,we should work hard.2.2.运用同位语形式。运用同位语形式。My desire to go abroad will soon become a reality.It has been a dream My de

46、sire to go abroad will soon become a reality.It has been a dream all of my life.all of my life.My desire to go abroad,a dream all of my life,will soon become a My desire to go abroad,a dream all of my life,will soon become a reality.reality.3.3.使用强调句、倒装句等句型。使用强调句、倒装句等句型。It must be made use of proper

47、ly,then it can produce good results.It must be made use of properly,then it can produce good results.Only when it is made use of properly,can it produce good results.Only when it is made use of properly,can it produce good results.用英语思维，缔造地道的句子用英语思维，缔造地道的句子 许多考生在写作时倾向于将汉语机械地译成英语，使作许多考生在写作时倾向于将汉语机械地译

48、成英语，使作文汉语味道十足，特别生硬。这主要与平时阅读较少，文汉语味道十足，特别生硬。这主要与平时阅读较少，语言积累量较少，以及英语应试性学习所造成的。语言积累量较少，以及英语应试性学习所造成的。思考并对比以下几组句子的用法：思考并对比以下几组句子的用法：1.For example,you will work in a large factory1.For example,you will work in a large factorySuppose you will work in a large factory.Suppose you will work in a large factor

49、y.2.We will own nothing at all if we just depend on luck.2.We will own nothing at all if we just depend on luck.We will get nowhere if we rely on luck.We will get nowhere if we rely on luck.3.Their brains are still very young.3.Their brains are still very young.Their brains are still immature.Their

50、brains are still immature.4.Since people are always not satisfied with their present situation4.Since people are always not satisfied with their present situation Since people are never satisfied with their status quo Since people are never satisfied with their status quo5.We need more qualified sci